Plant foliage exhibiting symptoms indicative of begomovirus infection, veinthickening, leaf curling, yellowing and chlorosis, dwarfing and mosaic were collected from around two km away of Peri-urban areas of Lahore from Multan road, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam campus, Shikhupura, Ferozwala, Wahga border, Sharaqpur and Ferozpur roads in Pakisatan during 2013-2016. Total plant genomic DNA was isolated from leaf tissues by Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) method described by Doyle and Doyle, (1990). Universal primers were used to identify the presence of begomovirus and associated DNA-satellite complex (betasatellite, geminivirus associated alphasatellite) and were subjected to rolling circular amplification (RCA). The expected size of PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Specific abutting primers were designed from the available sequences to amplify the full-length begomoviruses. These full-length PCR entities were cloned and sequenced in their entirety. The isolates of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) and Mesta yellow vein virus (MeYVV) with non-cognate Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) were used to produce partial repeat constructs for agro-inoculation. All reported samples were Old World (OW) monopartite begomoviruses, showing recombination and were associated with DNA-satellite complex. In this study the OW monopartite begomovirus Cherry tomato leaf curl virus (CToLCV) was associated with Papaya leaf curl betasatellite (PaLCuB) and Tobacco curly shoot alphasatellite, first time isolated from Parthenium hysterophorus in Pakistan (Qurashi et al., 2017). Similarly ornamental infecting begomovirus associated with DNA- satellite complex also reported from Malva parviflora, a new strain of Hollyhock leaf curl virus (HoLCV-Mal) associated with Kenaf leaf curl betasatellite (KLCuB) and two geminivirus associated alphasatellites species; Ageratum enation alphasatellite (AEA) and Ageratum yellow vein India alphasatellite (AYVIA) in the sub family Geminialphasatellitinae and the genus Colecusatellite (Briddion et al., 2018) identified from Malva parviflora. According to old alphasatellite classification (Mubin et al., 2009) Ageratum enation alphasatellite specie was known as Ageratum conyzoides alphasatellite (Sattar et al., 2017). Another weed infecting begomovirus was associated with DNA-satellite complex also reported from woody plant mulbery isolated as Ageratum enation virus (AEV) associated with Papaya leaf curl betasatellite (PLCuB) and associated geminivirus alphasatellite; Guar leaf curl alphasatellite, but according to new alphasatellite classification this geminivirus associated alphasatellite specie is known as Ageratum enation alphasatellite (AEA) in the genus Colecusatellite described in detailed in this study. All these begomoviruses associated with DNA-satellite complex are reported for the first time in Pakistan. In this study there was prevalence of Pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PeLCV) infecting diverse host plants; ornamental Cestrum nocturnum and reported for first time from vegetables Trigonella foenum and Piper nigrum woody plant Albizia lebbeck in Pakistan. Pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PeLCV) with geminivirus associated alphasatellites; Ageratum enation alphasatellite also reported from Trigonella foenum Albizia lebbeck, respectively. Infectivity assay of the partial repeat constructs of mastrevirus; Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) and begomovirus; Mesta yellow vein virus (MeYVV) with non-cognate Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) were checked. These were infectious to experimental host plant Nicotiana benthamiana, the Koch’s postulates for CpCDV alone, MeYVV alone and with non-cognate CLCuMuB showed severe symptoms. All the experimental results were satisfied and confirmed with PCR, real-time PCR and Southern blot hybridization. Furthermore, infectivity assay of recombinant PeLCV alone was also checked through gen gun method but PeLCV did not produce begomoviral symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana, PeLCV need associated betasatellite for begomoviral infection.
زبان کا غلط استعمال اللہ تعالیٰ خالق ہے اور بقیہ تمام کائنات مخلوق ہے، کوئی فلکی مخلوق ہے، کوئی ارضی مخلوق ہے، کوئی فضائی مخلوق ہے ،مخلوق کا دائرہ کار وسیع ہے لیکن ان جملہ مخلوقات میں اشرف المخلوقات کا تاج اللہ تعالیٰ نے انسان کے سر پر سجایا ہے۔ انسان کو عظمت و رفعت بخشی، انسان کو بلندیوں کی معراج پر پہنچایا۔ اس کا سبب گوشت پوست نہیں تھا، اس کی وجوہات نفاست ولطافت نہیں تھیں۔ یہ اعزاز لحیم اور شحیم ہونے کی بناء پر ودیعت نہیں کیا گیا تھا۔ اس اعزاز کا سبب زبان بنی جواس کو دیگر مخلوقات سے متاثر کرتی ہے۔ انسان زبان سے تلاوت کرتا ہے، زبان سے نعت پڑھتا ہے، زبان سے راہ و ہدایت کی ترجمانی کرتا ہے۔ زبان سے کلمہ پڑھتا ہے، زبان سے اسلام کی تبلیغ کرتا ہے، زبان سے صداقت و دیانت کا اظہار کرتا ہے، انسان کی یہ صفات اسے حقیقت شناس انسان بنا دیتی ہیں، انسان کو معاشرے کے لیے انعام بنا دیتا ہے، اس کی عظمت کو چار چاند لگا دیتی ہے، یہاں تک کہ انسان کوفرشتوں سے بھی عظیم بنادیتی ہے۔ بقول حالیؔ: فرشتے سے بہتر ہے انسان بننا مگر اس میں پڑتی ہے محنت زیادہ اللہ تعالیٰ نے قرآن پاک ِمیں ارشاد فرمایا کہ ’’لوگوں سے اچھے طریقے سے گفتگو کرو‘‘ قرآنِ پاک میں جس طرح نماز کے بارے میں حکم ہے، جس طرح زکوٰۃ کے بارے میں ارشادِ باری تعالیٰ ہے، جس طرح روزوں کے بارے میں حکمِ ربّانی ہے، بالکل اسی طرح زبان کے استعمال کا بھی ذکر ہے، نماز، روزہ، حج، زکوٰۃ اور دیگر عبادات کی بجا آوری سے جس طرح انسان کی زندگی میں نکھار آتا ہے اسی طرح زبان کے صحیح استعمال سے بھی اس کے جملہ لمحات ِزیست مرصعّ ومزیّن ہوجاتے ہیں، اور وہ اپنی زندگی...
The religious sermon and the speaker play a keyrole in the Islamic societies in shaping and orienting the opinions, beliefs, approach and behavior of the masses. Addressing people is a great responsibility, for which the speakers will be held accountable to Allāh Almighty. Therefore, a speaker of Islām must be equipped with sound knowledge of Islām and well acquainted with the present time, too. Moreover, he must possesstherequired temperament of tolerance, compassion and consideration, while speaking to his audience. The example of the Holy Prophet Muḥammad(r) provides a complete model of conduct for today’s speakers. We notice that audiences are moved with the eloquence of the speakers. A careless speaker may drive his audience into the abyss of disappointment, alienation from Islām, terrorism andextremism, etc. ; On the other hand, he can alleviate their ignorance, reshape them to become the desired peaceful Muslims through his power of speech and influence of his character. In this paper, the author, tried to make the Islamic speakers realize their duties in respect of their audience in the light of the Sunnah of the Prophet(r).
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) exists for a long time such as creams, and ointments for topical ailments.Incorporating drugs in transdermal patch ismore recent application. Liquid reservoir system, solid reservoir/peripheral adhesive system or matrix (drug in adhesive) system may be used to deliver the drug through skin. In present work thirty six matrix type transdermal patch formulations of diclofenac sodium, diclofenac potassium, diclofenac diethylamine and flurbiprofen (nine each) were developed by using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC 4000 cps,), polyvinylpyrolidine (PVP K-30,) and ammonio methacrylate copolymer type A (Eudragit RL-100). Different skin permeation enhancers like isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate and tween 80 were incorporated in the formulations. The influence of various formulation variables, such as initial drug load and certain skin permeation enhancers on permeation characteristics of selected analgesics from the prepared formulations was studies through hairless abdominal rabbit skin by using the modified Franz diffusion cell. The permeation parameters were estimated by Chow method following the Fick’s law of diffusion. The penetration profiles of all formulations were influenced significantly (p <0.05) by the addition of enhancers in comparison to formulation controls (without enhancers) and commercially available product (market control). Among the enhancers studied, isopropyl myristate and isopropyl palmitate produced better results with high relative permeation ratio (14.61, 27.40) and enhancing factor (32, 7.83). All the formulations showed good stability and reproducibility. The prepared patch formulations resulted better permeability as compared to the controls with high apparent permeation rates (121.18 ± 34.37 µg.h-1 cm-2) and diffusion coefficients (8.68 ± 0.43 cm2/s × 10-4) with shorter lag times (1.0 ± 0.15 h). The diffusion coefficients were found independent of initial drug load for all formulations. Release profiles were evaluated by model-dependent approaches. The drug release from almost all formulations was best explained by zero order equation, as the plots showed highest linearity (r2 > 0.952), followed by Higuchi equation. The mechanism of drug release for most of formulations was super case II transport and in few, non-Fickian diffusion. The pharmacokinetic parameters of optimized formulations for each drug were determined from blood levels which revealed a profile typical of sustained release formulation having low elimination rate constants and high Mean Residence Time with the ability to maintain adequate plasma levels for 24 h i.e. up to the next application. The higher steady-state flux, diffusion coefficient and permeability coefficient, as well as the decreased lag time of permeation ofdiclofenac sodium 5% with IPP, 5% diclofenac potassium with IPM, 5% diclofenac diethylamine with IPP and flurbiprofen 10% with IPM as compared to formulation control (without enhancer) and commercially available gel (market control) was obtained. The faster permeation of the drug as compared to the controls could be attributed to the incorporation of skin penetration enhancer. The pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed that the optimized formulations exhibit typical sustained release phenomenon having low elimination rate constants and high MRT with the ability to maintain adequate plasma levels for 24 h i.e. up to the next application. Therefore it is concluded that the incorporation of skin penetration enhancers like IPM and IPP are promising in developing matrix type patch formulation.