Genetic diversity is one of the major constituent of biological diversity. Systematic investigation on biological diversity also explains the species diversity within diverse ecosystems that can be helpful in exploring genetic variability. Genetic diversity refers to the variation of genes or entire genome within and among populations of organisms. Genetic diversity of plant species depends on ecological consequences, phytochemical variation, breeding system, phylogeny, and anthropogenic effects. Plant Genetic diversity information and distribution helps in better development of core collection and modified characterization which is necessary for conservation. The present project is carried out from 2012-2015. In this project genetic diversity of four wild naturally occurring plants namely Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., Ephedra procera Fisch. & Mey and two endemic species Berberis baluchistanica Ahrendt, Vern. and Seriphidium quettense (Podlech) Ling, Bull. were estimated in three naturally occurring populations from high elevation zones of Quetta Balochistan, Pakistan through molecular and phytochemical profiling in parallel the ecological diversity including micro-climate and soil characteristics also analyzed and compared. Genetic diversity was assessed by different molecular marker system such as; RAPD, ISSR, URP and SSR. According to the present literature, this is the first comprehensive report on analysis of genetic diversity and phytochemical variation and impact of ecological diversity on genetic, phytochemical and morphological variation of these significant wild medicinal plants of the province Balochistan, Pakistan. Genetic diversity assessment was carried out by polymorphic bands analysis to generate a dendrogram based on Sequential Agglomerative Hierarchical and Non-overlapping (SAHN) algorithm by “Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean” (UPGMA) through Numerical Taxonomy System (NTSYS) pc. for cluster analysis. Phytochemical variation analysis of total phenolic and flavonoids contents were estimated for all accessions and compared within and among population through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and dissimilarity matrix based on Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). For ecological diversity evaluation of soil characteristics were analyzed for Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data analysis revealed a diverse pattern of polymorphism varied among plants and their diverse habitats. Maximum genetic variability was found within population of Zarghoon area in B. baluchistanica, i-e, 81%. On the other hand least genetic variability was depicted in S. quettenese i-e, 44%. J. excelsa and E. procera population exhibited more or less same pattern of polymorphism as; 57% and 62% among population respectively. Phytochemical and morphological variation pattern were maximum among population may be because of diverse habitat. PCA of soil characteristics revealed that the first two factors, PC-1, PC-II had Eigen values >1 and contributed which had an accumulated eigenvalue of 70.44 %. The first and second principal components are a result of the linear combination of the 6 studied variables and both explained 44.02 % and 26.42 % of the variance, respectively. Molecular marker profiling of these wild plants together with phytochemical variation of TPC and flavonoid contents and impact on ecological diversity on genetic and phytochemical variation can be utilized as a base line study for implementation of conservation strategies to conserve the significant rare wild medicinal plants of the region.
حد کا اصطلاحی مفہوم ایسے امور جن کی حلت و حرمت اللہ تعالیٰ نے خود بیان فرما ئی ہے اور ان سے تجاوز کرنے سے منع فرما دیا ہے۔ یہ امور " حدود اللہ " کہلاتے ہیں۔ اہل علم نے حد کی اصطلاحی تعریفیں مندرجہ ذیل بیان کی ہیں: ایسے کام جن کی حلت و حرمت اللہ تعالیٰ نے بیان فرمائی ہو، جیسا کہ ابن منظور افریقی تحریر کرتے ہیں "وحُدُود الله تعالى الأَشياء التي بيَّن تحريمها وتحليلها وأَمر أَن لا يُتعدى شيء منها۔"8 "حدود اللہ سے مراد ایسی اشیاء ہیں کہ جن کی حلت و حرمت اللہ تعالیٰ نے بیان فرما دی ہے اور یہ حکم دیا ہے کہ ان سے آگے نہ بڑھا جائے۔ " علامہ زبیدی ؒ (م:1205ھ)حدود کی اقسام اور اس کا مفہوم بیان کرتے ہیں "فَحُدُودُ ا الله عزّ وجلّ ضَرْبَانِ : ضَرْبٌ منها حُدودٌ!حدَّها للنّاسِ في مَطَاعِمِهم ومَشارِبِهم ومَنَاكِحِهِم وغيرها ممّا أَحَلّ وحَرَّم،وأَمَرَ بالانتِهَاءِ عمّا نَهَى عنه منها ونَهَى عن تَعَدِّيهَا ، والضَّرْب الثانِي عُقوباتٌ جُعِلَتْ لمنْ ركِبَ ما نَهَى عنْه ، كحَدّ السّارِق۔"9 "حدود اللہ کی دو اقسام ہیں: ایک تو ایسی حدود جو لوگوں کے لیے ان کے ماکولات ، مشروبات اور مناکحات وغیرہ میں بسبب حلال اور حرام متعین کی گئی ہیں یہ ان اشیاء سے رکنے کا سبب ہیں جن سے تجاوز کرنے سے روکا گیا ہےاور دوسری قسم وہ سزائیں ہیں جو ممنوع کام کرنے والوں کو دی جاتی ہیں جیسا کہ چور کی حد ۔ " امام سرخسی ؒ (م:483ھ)حد کی اصطلاحی تعریف کرتے ہوئے لکھتے ہیں "في الشرع الحد اسم لعقوبة مقدرة تجب حقا لله تعالى ولهذا لا يسمى به التعزير لأنه غير مقدر ولا يسمي به القصاص لأنه حق العباد وهذا لأن وجوب حق العباد۔"10 "شریعت میں حد اس مقررہ سزا کا نام ہے جو بطور حق اللہ...
هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى التعرف على مستوى الالتزام التنظيمي لدى مُعلمي مدارس التعليم الأساسي بمحافظة البريمي في سلطنة عمان، واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي، كما استخدمت الاستبانة في جمع البيانات والمعلومات وتم تطبيقها على عينة مكونة من (369) معلماً ومعلمة. وتوصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن أن مستوى الالتزام التنظيمي لدى معلمي مدارس التعليم الأساسي بمحافظة البريمي في سلطنة عمان جاء عالياً بصورة إجمالية، كما جاء عالياً في جميع الأبعاد وهي: الالتزام المعياري، والعاطفي، والاستمراري، وأوضحت النتائج أيضاً عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى الدلالة (α ≤ 0.05 ) في استجابات عينة الدراسة من المعلمين لمستوى التزامهم بمدارس التعليم الأساسي بمحافظة البريمي في سلطنة عمان تُعزى لمتغيرات الجنس، والمؤهل العلمي، وسنوات الخبرة، والمسمى الوظيفي.
Plant-derived smoke obtained from burning vegetation has been used in agricultural and horticultural practices since last two decades. Being a cheap and environment friendly source, smoke plays an important role in seed germination, plant growth and enhancement of crops yield. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of plant-derived smoke on morphological, physiological, nodulation, rhizobium growth, proteomics and gene regulation in seedlings of chickpea treated with plant-derived smoke. Seeds of chickpea (C. arietinum) were sown in pots containing 500 g sands and were kept in a growth chamber having fluorescent light at 25oC and 60% humidity. For morphological parameters the seeds were supplied without or with 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. For nodulation, seeds of chickpea were mixed with the inoculum of rhizobium having cell suspension of 109 CFU mL-1 and were sown in pots containing sands. The numbers of nodules were recorded after 11, 18 and 25 days. The rhizobium culture was measured using spectrophotometer at 600 nm incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 96 h. For physiological, proteomics, immuno-blotting and qRT-PCR, seedlings were irrigated without or with 2000 ppm for 6 days. For the analysis of proteins, gel-free/label-free proteomics technique was used. Results revealed that germination percentage, root/ shoot length, lateral roots and fresh biomass were increased in chickpea treated with 2000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 days. The number of nodules and rhizobium population were increased. Furthermore, the content of nitrogen and proteins were accumulated. On treatment with 2000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 days, the abundance of 90 proteins was significantly changed in chickpea root. Regarding gene ontology (GO) term assignments of 90 proteins related with different biological processes, the proteins related with metabolic process were increased. For cellular process, proteins related with cytoplasm were significantly increased. For molecular function, catalytic activity related proteins were more highly represented than other categories. Proteins related to signaling and transports were increased; however, proteins related to protein metabolism, cell, and cell wall were decreased. The sucrose synthase for starch degradation was increased and total soluble sugar was induced. The proteins for nitrate pathway were increased and nitrate content was improved. On the other hand, although secondary metabolism related proteins were decreased, flavonoid contents were increased. Based on proteomics and immuno-blot analyses, proteins related to redox homeostasis were decreased and increased in root and shoot, respectively. Furthermore, vii fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were increased; while, phosphotransferase and phosphoglycero mutase were decreased in glycolysis. In addition, phosphoglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase related genes were up-regulated; while, chalcone synthase related genes were down-regulated. These results suggest that plant-derived smoke improves early stage of growth in chickpea with the balance of many cascades such as glycolysis, redox homeostasis and secondary metabolism. This study indicates that the application of plant-derived smoke might be a useful and inexpensive technique for enhancing seedling growth, number of nodules, nutritional values of crops and can be commercialized as bio fertilizer in future.