DEPRESSION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG PEOPLE HAVING COVID-19 UNDERGONE QUARANTINE

Aims Of Study: Coronavirus is a potentially deadly disease that mostly affects human lung tissue. Multiple cases of unexplained respiratory tract infections were reported to the World Health Organization China in December 2019. The focus of this research was to assess association between depression and PWB in patients who had been isolated due to covid-19. Methodology: A sample of 250 people with covid-19 post quarantine, with age ranges from 25 to 45 were selected by using purposive sampling methods. Depression, anxiety, stress scale and psychological well-being scales were administered. Regression analysis and t-test were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Obtained results evidenced that depression is significantly predict psychological health in the covid-19 population [B= -.015, -.019, F (7.915) sig= .000]. Gender difference is also observed in variable of depression also [(4.78) =.030, p.000]. Limitations and future implications: Future research may base on longitudinal analyses focusing on familial and social factors that may influence the psychological well-being of people living in quarantine. Originality: I certify that the intellectual substance of this article is the result of my own effort and that all assistance and sources used in the preparation of this article have been acknowledged. Conclusion: It was concluded that Depression affects people with COVID-19 and PWB after quarantine. future research may focus more on the influence of the interaction between quarantine and adults’ mental health to fully comprehend the link. 

Comparative Study of Organizational Commitment, Morale and Job Satisfaction of Subject Specialists and Lecturers Teaching at Intermediate Level

This study was aimed at comparing the organizational commitment, morale and job satisfaction of Subject Specialists and Lecturers teaching at intermediate level. The major objectives of the study were to compare the level of organizational commitment, morale and job satisfaction of Subject Specialists and Lecturers and also to determine the relationship among organizational commitment, morale and job satisfaction of Subject Specialist and Lecturers. The differences in the level of organizational commitment, morale and job satisfaction of Subject Specialists and Lecturers were calculated and relationship among their organizational commitment, morale and job satisfaction was found. The study was delimited to Subject Specialists of Government Higher Secondary Schools and Lecturers of Government Colleges working on regular basis, in the jurisdiction of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It was an inferential study and the survey method was used for data collection. The population for the study was all the Subject Specialists of 292 Government Higher Secondary Schools and the Lecturers of 177 Government Colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Using the single-stage duster sampling technique a sample of 610 Subject Specialists from 95 Government Higher Secondary Schools and 526 Lecturers from 45 Government Colleges was selected. Three instruments i.e. Organizational Commitment Scale (OCS) adapted from Organizational Commitment Questionnaire by Mowday, Steers, and Porter (1979), Morale Scale (MS) adapted from Purdue Teacher Opinionaire used by Houchard (2005) and Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS) adapted from Scale of Job Satisfaction by Bas and Ardic (2002) were used for the collection of data in this study. All the three instruments were validated by seven experts and administered to 145 respondents (74 Subject Specialists and 71 Lecturers) for pilot testing. Data were collected through vitipersonal visits. The number of respondents in this study was 951 (542 Subject Specialists and 409 Lecturers). Data were analyzed by applying two-sample t-test and the Pearson’s correlation test. The major findings of the study were that Lecturers showed a higher level of organizational commitment, morale and job satisfaction as compared to Subject Specialists. There was no difference in level of organizational commitment, morale and job satisfaction between the urban and rural Subject Specialists; the rural Lecturers have higher level of morale and job satisfaction than urban Lecturers while no difference was found in their level of organizational commitment, Both die male and female Subject Specialists as well as Lecturers showed no difference in their level of job satisfaction. Bui male Subject Specialists and Lecturers both showed higher level of organizational commitment than their female counterpart. On the other hand in case of morale, male and female Subject Specialists showed no difference while male Lecturers have higher level of morale than females. The Subject Specialists having more than 7 years experience showed higher level of organizational commitment and job satisfaction than the less experienced Subject Specialists while no difference was found in their level of morale. On the other hand Lecturers showed no difference in all the three variables i.e. organizational commitment, morale and job satisfaction with respect to experience and qualification. The Subject Specialists having only Master degree showed higher level of morale and job satisfaction as compared to those having higher qualification of M. Phil, and Ph, D., while no difference was found in their level of organizational commitment with respect to qualification. A strong positive relationship was found among organizational commitment, morale and job satisfaction for both the cadres of Subject Specialists and Lecturers. It was recommended that enough physical facilities, conducive working ixenvironment and higher qualification allowance might be given to Subject Specialists, there was need to change the physical facilities and working environment in the Higher Secondary Schools and higher qualification allowance may be awarded to Subject Specialists.