The current study titled “genetic studies of oil content in mutant population of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) using molecular markers” was partially conducted at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar in 2008-13. Main objective of the study were to intimate and study the influence of induce mutation on the genetics of oil and oil related components in advance induce mutant line of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Two contrast mutant lines with high and low oil contents were crossed with each other and F 1 hybrids were developed. These F 1 hybrids were grown in the cropping season 2009-10 and BCF 1 were developed by crossing back the F 1 with their parents. These BCF 1 hybrids were grown in the next cropping season 2010- 11 and selfed to develop BCF 2 . The parent and the BCF 2 hybrids were used for molecular assessment to confirm mutation in the genetics of the advance mutant lines. Thirty five advance mutant lines were utilized for agronomical and biochemical study. Five plants were randomly selected from each mutant line and the parent. Data on days to 50% flowering (DF), plant height (PH), 1000- seed weight (SW), seed yield (SY) and oil yield (OY) were recorded. Seeds were analyzed at for biomechanical parameter viz. Oil content (OC), protein content (PC), glucosinolates (GSL), oleic acid (OA), linolenic acid (LA), and erucic acid (EA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for both agronomical and biochemical traits showed highly significant differences among the mutant lines and their respective parental line for all traits. Broad sense heritability estimates were calculated for all of the agronomical and biomechanical traits. High heritability estimates were observed for DF, OY, GSL, viiiEA, and OA, moderate to high heritability was recorded for OC, PC, PH, 1000-SW and OA. Multivariate taxonomic techniques were used to check the mutation pattern. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) was done for all agronomical and biochemical traits. Mean of the parental line and individual mutant plants data were standardized prior to cluster and PC analysis. The results of cluster analysis for agronomical traits authenticated the selection. All of the advance mutant lines were distinct from the parental genotypes. Most of the mutant populations fell in separates cluster or isolated than the parental genotype if present in the same cluster. Genetic distances range from 0.00 to 5.6. Two types of scattering patterns were set as standards. In the first type, the parent fills in a separate cluster or was distinct from the mutant progenies. In the second case, some mutants showed deviation towards parent. Regarding biochemical data, three mutants viz OA5, EA4 and G1 showed deviation towards parents while rest of the mutants fell in separate cluster than the parent. The mutant individuals with desirable combination of traits were identified. The PCA also confirmed the results for the cluster analysis with minor differences. Scatter plots of the PCs that had an Eigen value > 1 were produced to provide graphical representation of pattern of variation among the genotypes i.e. parent and advance mutant lines. Hence both of the analysis was used to check the mutation patterns. The traits DF and PH contributed positively while 1000-SW, SY and OY contributed negatively towards the variability. Regarding biochemical traits, OA and LA contributed negatively, while GSL and EA contributed positively towards the total variability in most of the populations. OC and PC showed mixed divergence pattern. DF along with GSL, OA and EA had remarkable impact on the variations. ixIn order to confirm the maternal effects and role of the B. napus in induce mutation, molecular assessment of two mutant lines was conducted. These populations were analyzed through simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Facilities at oilseed Laboratory of Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar were utilized for this part of research. DNA was extracted using protocols of Doyle and Doyle (1987) and specific recipe and conditions were followed for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) steps. Out of 25 SSR primers 19 gave positive results during initial screening. Out of 19 SSR primers, 15 gave consistent, bright and highly polymorphic bands. The product size of each primer set was compared with that of expected size given on Brassica Database Domain. Out of 99 amplified alleles detected, 69 were polymorphic. The proportion of polymorphic loci was 69.75. The number of amplified products ranged from 1-5 polymorphism information content (PIC) of the primer sets ranged from 0.24 to 0.75.
اللہ تعالیٰ ارشاد فرماتے ہیں کہ جو لوگ ایمان لائے اور نیک اعمال کرتے ہیں اور ان کے مقابلے میں جو لوگ زمین میں فساد پھیلاتے ہیں اپنے معاملات کی درستگی نہیں کرتے اللہ کے بتائے ہوئے قوانین کی پاسداری نہیں کرتے ، اسلام نے جن کاموں کرنے سے منع کیا ہے اس سے باز نہیں آتے اسے نہیں چھوڑتے یا زمین میں سرکشی اور فساد کو فروغ دیتے ہیں تو ایسے لوگوں کے لئے دردناک عذاب ہے، یہ لوگ کبھی بھی ایمان والے لوگوں کے برابر نہیں ہوسکتے۔
قرآن مجید میں زندگی گزارنے کے لئے لیے تمام قسم کے احکامات موجود ہیں ۔اس فصل میں معاملات کے متعلق آیات استفہام تفسیر تفہیم القرآن کی روشنی میں بیان کی گئی ہیں جو کہ درج ذیل ہیں۔
Methodical codification of “Gharib ul Hadith” books started during second century. Abu Ubaida Mua‘mmar bin Muthanna, an Iraqi scholar, pioneered the field. Afterwards numerous scholars have written books on “Gharib ul Hadith” but they followed different methodologies for their compositions. Some of them have written Hadith's disorderly, and then explained all Gharib words appearing in the Hadith. This method appears in most part of their writings. Some of the scholars have observed jurisprudential method for their creations. Others followed methodology of explaining Gharibwords by organizing Hadith's; first from Prophet Muhammad, then from sahabas (companions of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w), and finally from Taba’een (immediate followers). However, some sorted Hadith in alphabetical order. This research article presented a detailed analytical review of different methodologies adopted in famous “Gharib ul Hadith” Books.
Birds living in densely-populated (urban) areas are exposed to different environmental challenges. One of them is an exposure to a vast range of environmental pathogens simply due to lack of appropriate biosafety and biosecurity measures in hospitals and research centers. Therefore, wild/feral birds living in close vicinity to urban settings are hypothesized to be more immunocompetent and/or resistant to different pathogens than are birds living in rural settings. This hypothesis of varying immunocompetence in birds originating from rural and urban setting was evaluated using an endemic pathogen of birds, the Newcastle disease virus (NDV).The virus was isolated from migratory bird, the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), at Chashma barrage and was found to be virulent on the basis of genomic (typical F protein cleaving motif: 112R-R-Q-K-R↓F117) and biological characteristics (EID50 =108.5 mL-1 and MDT= 49.5-50 hrs). Immunocompetence among individual group of each of 20 feral birds (pigeon, mynah, sparrow, crow and quail), both from urban and rural settings (n=10), were administered 0.1mL of a mitogen (1mg/mL), the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and thickness of patagium at different time intervals as 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60hr of post injection was measured through digital caliper. Post administration of PHA, all studied birds’ species showed a similar pattern of increase in web-thickness by the timer interval of 48 hours followed by a decline by 60 hr. Though variations in magnitude of swelling were observed among and/or within birds’ specie group, compared to their respective rural counterparts, birds originating from urban setting showed an enhanced swelling response (e.g., 1.26 2 mm ±0.03 vs 0.980 mm ±0.04 for pigeon, 0.235 mm ±0.02 vs 0.194 mm ±0.03 for sparrow, and 1.10 mm±0.03 vs 0.855 mm±0.04 crow) by 48 hours. For instance, in case of rural and urban pigeon, difference in thickness was continuous for each of the time interval (p < 0.05) whereas, in case of crow, this difference between birds in rural and urban setting was limited to time interval of 24 hrs (95% CI: 0.024-0.082; p < 0.05), 36 hrs (95% CI: 0.026-0.085; p < 0.05), 48 hrs (95% CI: 0.052-0.110; p < 0.05) and 60 hrs (95% CI: 0.036-0.097; p < 0.05). On the other hand, a lack of significant difference was found between urban and rural groups of sparrow, mynah and quail birds (p > 0.05). Following comparative immunocompetence evaluation, all birds were acclimatized for two weeks to diminish the effect of PHA and then challenged with Newcastle disease virus (1mL of 10-8 EID50/mL) isolated from mallard. The results of this study indicated that the urban birds were more resistant as evidenced by increased morbidity and mortality pattern, tissue tropism and virus shedding from 3rd dpi by 9th dpi among birds group. The study birds showed an equal potential to disseminate the virus in apparently healthy chicken where 100% mortality was observed in broiler by 6th dpi. The study outcome ascertains a need for continuous monitoring and surveillance of wild/migratory birds for NDV and also implementation of strict biosecurity measures not only in commercial setting but also in public sectors to control the spillover of pathogen to environment and wild birds.