Six wheat cultivars/lines viz; Baviacore, Nesser, 9247, 9252, 9258 and 9267 were crossed following complete diallel technique. The seed of F 1 crosses and parents was planted in the experimental area of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Planting was done under normal and water stress conditions following randomized complete block design with three replications in both of the cases. The data was recorded on ten guarded plants tagged for the purpose for each parent and cross in each replication under both of the conditions. The traits like plant height, peduncle length, specific flag leaf area, specific flag leaf weight, stomatal frequency (upper flag leaf surface), size of stomata, days to heading, number of spikes per plant, spike density, number of grains per spike, 100-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index were recorded on tagged plants in each replication. The recorded data were subjected to the analysis of variance technique to determine the genotypic differences for the traits which were exhibited highly significant under both of the water availability conditions. Combining ability and gene action analysis was carried out for all of the parameters studies. Significant change in the mean performance of all the characters was observed under the water stress condition. Additive gene action was obtained in the characters like plant height, peduncle length, stomatal frequency, size of stomata, days to heading, spike density, and 100-grain weight when evaluation was made using Griffing’s approach while the characters like plant height, peduncle length, stomatal frequency, size of stomata, days to heading, spike density, 100-grain weight, biological yield and grain yield was observed when calculations were done using Hayman’s approach under irrigated condition. Non-additive gene action was exhibited in the characters like specific flag leaf area, specific flag leaf weight, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index through the use of Griffing’s approach and over dominance in the characters like specific flag leaf area, specific flag leaf weight, number of spikes per plant and harvest index when Hayman’s approach was used for calculations under irrigated condition. The results under water stress conditions revealed that gene action exhibited in the characters like peduncle length, stomatal frequency, size of stomata, days to heading, spike density and 100-grain weight was additive when Griffing’s approach for analysis was adopted while using the 1analysis though Hayman’s approach, additive gene action was shown by the characters like peduncle length, stomatal frequency, size of stomata, days to heading, spike density, biological yield and grain yield. The characters like plant height, specific flag leaf area, specific flag leaf weight, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index gave non-additive gene action in Griffing’s approach and plant height, specific flag leaf area, specific flag leaf weight, number of spikes per plant, 100-grain weight and harvest exhibited over dominance in Hayman’s approach under water stress conditions. Similar gene action was shown by both calculations i.e. Griffing’s as well as Hayman’s approach for most of the characters under irrigated as well as water stress conditions except number of grains per spike, biological and grain yield under irrigated and biological and grain yield under water stress conditions. The difference of results might be due to the reason that means were used in calculation by the numerical approach while variances in graphical approach. Multi disciplinary approach involving plant breeding, genetics, biotechnology, physiology, soil and crop management for the development of water stress tolerant/ resistant genotypes in wheat, is suggested.
This Paper analyses the causes of the domestic violence against female beggars and their impacts on their lives. The paper is strictly limited to Taluka Qasimabad, District Hyderabad. The domestic violence against women exits in various forms. However, it is pretty horrible in the form being inflicted against female beggars in Qasimabad. The scores of causes for the domestic violence against female beggars range from rising poverty to population explosions with deep physical and mental impacts on the sufferers. For data collection qualitative research through Focused Group discussion method has been used through snow ball technique. 10 Cases of female beggars have been opted for the FGDs out of which two participated with their social backgrounds. The study concludes the pathetic condition of the female beggars due to multiple factors and their serious implications both physically as well as mentally. The study recommends prompt action from the Government as well as social scientist to go deep further in the social issues such as violence against the female beggars. Simultaneously there is immediate intervention of Government and the concerned department to address these issues on emergent basis as the number is likely to reach an alarming level.
This study aimed to explore Grade 10 students' perspectives concerning the biology topics that they find the most difficult to learn, the reasons of experiencing difficulties in learning biology, and ways to overcome the difficulties. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A survey tool difficulties and effectiveness in Learning Biology questionnaire (DELBQ) was adapted from the literature which has already been used in other context in a similar study (Cimer, 2012). 132 Grade 10 students participated in the cross-sectional survey including girls (n=86; 65%) and boys (n=46; 35%). The sample was recruited from 10 public schools of district Hunza. DELBQ was directly administered to all participants. The results showed that students have identified five concepts of biology - genetic engineering (37%), cell division (31%), Mendel principles and application (28%), defense and immunity (23%) and matter cycle (17%) - as the most difficult concepts to learn. The students proposed multiple reasons to learning hindrances which include: the nature of the topic, teachers' teaching method, students' learning techniques, students' attitudes towards the topics and deficiency of resources and time. Prominently, of five the themes 'the nature of the topic' was found to be the most repeatedly cited reason (99) for difficulty in learning biology. Students have not only identified these hindering factors of learning they have talked about viable suggestions to improve learning of the subject such as reducing the subject content; using visual aids in teaching ; teaching through experiments; students using various study techniques; making biology teaching interesting and effective; and, teaching biology by connecting the topics with daily life. Interestingly, a majority of responses (99) highlighted 'the nature of topic' as one of the primary reasons for making biology learning difficult; however, the suggestions to enhance learning were predominantly related to either 'students' own learning habits' (148) or 'teachers' teaching style' (127). The study provides an insight into 'students' voices' not only in identifying the 'difficult areas in Biology' but highlighting perspectives in explaining the 'reasons for difficulties in learning these concepts' and potential strategies to improve learning. The results could be useful for practitioners and policy-makers in enhancing curriculum and classroom practices to make this fundamentally important subject interesting for students. The tool adapted for the study is a valuable addition to the indigenous literature which can be used by the other researchers in the field to conduct large scale studies.