This study was aimed for the cloning of previously isolated transcription factor zinc finger gene (GaZnF) from Gossypium arboreum (desi cotton) and codonoptimized CEMB GTGene in plant expression vector (pCAMBIA-1301) and to study its expression in CIM-482 variety of Gossypium hirsutum for functional characterization under drought stress. A 531bp fragment of GaZnF gene was amplified through PCR from cDNA of drought stressed leaves of G. arboreum, after TA cloning was confirmed with previously reported sequence, GQ169757.1. Then it was cloned in pCAMBIA-1301 (plant expression vector) at Nco-I and Bgl-II sites in fusion with GUS exon. While GTGene was cloned by replacing hygromycin at Xho-I site and resulted vector was named as pGaZnF. The plant expression pGaZnF construct was transformed in Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404. The transient expression assay validated the construct by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The transformation efficiency of Gossypium hirsutum variety CIM-482 was 2.57% by using Agrobacterium mediated transformation system. The developmental and spatial expression analysis of GaZnF transgene was observed through Real time PCR in the stem and leaf of transgenic plants. The drought stressed transgenic plants showed highest expression: as 16 folds in leaves and 4.1in stem at vegetative stage while 14 folds in leaves and 3 in stem at mature plant stage. The amplification and integration of GaZnF transgene confirmed a fragment of 531bp through PCR and Southern blot analysis respectively. Expression of GaZnF gene was confirmed through ELISA and Western blot by using Anti-His tag polyclonal antibodies. Drought stressed transgenic plants confirmed a fragment of 95kDa (GaZnF-GUS fusion protein) in Western blot. While GTGene, through ELISA by using GTGene specific antibodies confirmed expression. The transgenic plants containing construct pGaZnF showed a steady increase in plant height after 10 day stress treatment. The mean increase in plant height, root shoot length ratio in T0 and T1 and percentage reduction in biomass, leaf to total plant weight ratio, shoot to total plant weight ratio and root to total plant weight ratio in the transgenic plants containing construct pGaZnF as compare to non-transgenic plants of T0. While leaf tissues from four months old drought stressed transgenic plants containing pGaZnF construct as compared to non-transgenic Gossypium hirsutum control plants, performed significantly for physiological parameters, including leaf relative water content (LRWC), photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (C), transpiration rate (E) and chlorophyll content in T0 and T1. Similarly, for biochemical analysis based on proline accumulation and total soluble sugars were significantly higher in drought stressed transgenic plants as compared to non-transgenic Gossypium hirsutum control plants in T0 and T1. Survival of transgenic plants in glyphosate spray also confirmed the integration and expression of GTGene successfully in cotton genome. Fluorescent in situ hybridization confirm single copy of GaZnF and GTGene on chromosomes of T2 progeny seeds. On the basis of this study it is concluded that the GaZnF is involved in activation of cascade of molecular network to regulate the drought stress tolerance in cotton. Thus the role of this gene in drought tolerance will not only provide direction for future engineering of drought-stress tolerance in cotton, but will also enable us to breed economically important cotton varieties.
ڈاکٹر راجندر پرشاد سابق صدر جمہوریہ ہند ڈاکٹر راجندر پرشاد کی موت ہندوستان کا ایک بڑا قومی حادثہ ہے، وہ اپنے قومی و ملکی خدمات کے لحاظ سے صف اول کے لیڈروں میں تھے، ہندوستان کی جنگ آزادی میں ان کے بڑے کارنامے ہیں، چمپارن کی مشہور ستیہ گرہ کے گویا ہیرو تھے، وہ گاندھی جی کے خاص تربیت یافتہ اور ان کے معتمد علیہ تھے، ان میں ان کی بہت سی اخلاقی خوبیاں موجود تھیں، جو آخر تک قائم رہیں، ہندوستان کی آزادی کے بعد کانگریس کے بہت سے لیڈروں کے خیالات اور کردار میں تبدیلی ہوگئی ہے، ان سے ان کا دامن محفوظ تھا، وہ کانگریس کے پرانے اصولوں پر برابر قائم رہے، اور اپنے جلیل القدر عہدے کی ذمہ داریوں کو بھی بڑی خوبی کے ساتھ نباہا، طبعاً بڑے شریف اور مرنجان مرنج تھے اور قومی و ملکی معاملات میں ان کا دل بہت وسیع تھا، اس لیے کسی طبقہ کو بھی ان سے کوئی شکایت نہیں پیدا ہوئی، وہ پرانے کایستھ تھے اس لیے اردو اور فارسی تہذیب سے بہت اچھی واقفیت رکھتے تھے، اور بہت شستہ اردو بولتے اور لکھتے تھے، اور ان میں قدیم مشترک تہذیب کی بہت سی خوبیاں موجود تھیں، اس لیے ان کی موت مختلف حیثیتوں سے بڑا قومی سانحہ ہے۔ اور ان کا نام ہندوستان کی تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۶۳ء)
Music and the instruments used for it are forbidden clearly in Quran and Sunnah. The Prophet Muhammad SAW warned us about its punishment in hereafter. Along with it due to its attraction to human’s interests, Music is often added to various programs. Besides listening it in songs, it is used as background in various audios and videos. The aim of this background music is to make the program more effective and attractive to the audience. As nowadays TV and Radio are also being used as means of preaching Islam, especially in the current age of social media many web and social media channels have been emerged to propagate Islam. One of the main problems been faced by these channels is forbidden of music in Islam, due to which the public does not take enough interest in them as compared to other entertainment channels. In this paper after discussing shariah status of Music I have tried to come up with various alternate ways to make the religious and Islamic Programs more attractive and effective to the people.
The whole class of evolutionary computing algorithms is inspired by the process of evolution in nature. Compared to the traditional optimization algorithms, a few striking features of these algorithms include their ability to address non-differentiable cost functions, robustness to the dynamically changing environment, and implementation on parallel machines. However, it was not until one and half decade ago, when these algorithms attracted researchers and got acknowledgement in terms of their application to the real world problems. The main reason behind this increased interest of the researchers owes to the ever increasing computing power. As a result evolutionary computing algorithms have been widely investigated and successfully applied for a number of problems belonging to diverse areas. In this dissertation the standard binary particle swarm optimization (PSO) and its soft version, namely soft PSO (SPSO) have been applied to four different problems of digital communication. Due to the exponentially growing computational complexity with the number of users in optimum maximum likelihood detector (OMLD), suboptimum techniques have received significant attention. We have proposed the SPSO for the multiuser detection (MUD) in synchronous as well as asynchronous multicarrier code division multiple access (MC- CDMA) systems. The performance of SPSO based MUD has been investigated to be near optimum, while its computational complexity is far less than OMLD. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) aided with radial basis functions (RBF) has been suggested to carry out multiuser detection (MUD) for synchronous direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. The MUD problem has been taken as a pattern classification problem and radial basis functions have been used due to their excellent performance for pattern classification. The two variants of PSO have also been used in a joint manner for the task of the channel and data estimation based on the maximum likelihood principle. The PSO algorithm works at two different levels. At the upper level the continuous PSO estimates the channel, while at the lower level, the soft PSO detects the data. The simulation results have proved to be better than that of joint Genetic algorithm and Viterbi algorithm (GAVA) approach.