Eight early maturing sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid spp.) genotypes were evaluated in a four-replicated RCB designed experiment for two years each in plant and ratoon crops during 1909/00 to 2001/02 at the farms of Sugar Crops Research Institute, Mardan. The genotypes were S.87-USJ 87T S.86-US.795, S.86- US.642, S.86-US.432, Thatta-7, CP 72- . . 2086 TCP 81-1 Olncluding Mardan-93. Sixteen characters, germination %, hlicrs/70 m2, leaf stalk length, stalk diameter, intcrnodcs/slalk, stalk weight, stalks/70 m2, %, Pol %. purity %, fibre %, CCS % and sugar yield/70rn were studied in stalk yield. Brix planT''crop. Eleven characters, tillers/70 m2, stalk length, stalk diameter, stalk weight, stalks/70 m2. cane yield/70 m2, Brix %, Pol %, fibre %, CCS % and sugar yicld/70 m2 were studied in ratoon crop. Components of variability were evaluated for genotypic, phenotypic and environmental coefficients of variation, broad sense hcritability, expected genetic advances maintaining selection intensity of one genotype selection out of seven; and interrelationships of the characters through path analysis. Genotypes were significantly different in stalk diameter, intcrnodcs/slalk. single stalk weight, fibre content in plant and tillers, stalk length, stalk diameter and fibre content in ratoon (P < 0.01) crops while leaf area, stalk length and cane yield at P < 0.05 in plant crop. G x Y interaction was existed for Brix%, Pol% and CCS% in plant (P < 0.01) and fibre content in ratoon (P < 0.05). Genotypic coefficients of variation were ranged from -0.925% of Pol% to 17.477% of plant height in plant and -2.345% of sugar yield to 27.571% of tillers per 70m2 in ratoon crop. The degrees of genetic determination were ranged from -58.40% to 95.20% in plant and - 47.90% to 99.90% in ratoon crop. The genetic advances were ranged from -0.269% of CCS% to 23.276% of plant height in plant and -1.567% of CCS% to 37.616% of tillers/70m2 in ratoon crop at one genotype out of seven selection intensity. Low genetic advances of quality parameters both in plant and ratoon crops suggested that concentration should be made on cane yield component parameters maintaining quality parameters at a certain commercial acceptable levels during selection. Path analysis gave 38 positive and 42 negative correlation out of total 120 pairs of correlation while 17 positive and 19 negative correlation out of 55 in ratoon crop. Stalk weight, intemodes/stalk and fibre % showed direct positive effect on sugar yield in plant crop and stalk weight, stalk yield, Brix reading, Pol reading and CCS% in ratoon crop. Stalk length; stalk diameter, stalks yield, Brix %, Pol % and CCS% exerted indirect positive effects on sugar yield in plant crop. Genotypes, TCP 81-10, S.86-US.432, S.87-US.1873 and S.86-US642 were significantly (P <0.01) superior than Mardan-93 in cane yields.
مولانا حافظ احمد ؍ مفتی عزیز الرحمن صاحب یہ مہینہ بھی آہ ماتم کی صدا سے خالی نہیں، شکر کا مقام تھا کہ اب تک دیوبند میں اکابر کی صحبت یافتہ اور اکابر کی زندہ یادگاریں موجود تھیں، مگر افسوس کہ یہ بھی یکے بعد دیگرے ہم سے رخصت ہورہی ہیں، مولانا حافظ احمد صاحب مہتمم مدرسہ عالیہ دیوبند خلف الصدق حضرت مولانا محمد قاسم صاحب رحمۃ اﷲ علیہ گزشتہ مہینہ حیدرآباد میں سپردخاک ہوئے اور اب اس مہینہ ۱۸؍ جمادی الثانی ۱۳۴۷ھ کو دائرہ قاسمیہ کے مفتی اعظم حضرت مولانا عزیز الرحمن نے ۷۲ برس کی عمر میں دیوبند میں بمرض فالج انتقال کیا۔ اِنَّا لِلّٰہِ وَ اِنَّا اِلَیْہِ رَاجِعُوْنَ۔ مرحوم نے مولانا مملوک العلی صاحب اور مولانا فضل رحمان صاحب گنج مراد آبادی، اور مولانا رشید احمد صاحب گنگوہی سے ظاہر و باطن کا فیض اٹھایا تھا، کم سخن، متین، حلیم اور سادہ مزاج تھے، تقویٰ اور دینداری، ان کے چہرہ کمال کا خط و خال تھی، حدیث کی درس و تدریس کے ساتھ کتب فقہ کی جزئیات پر ان کی وسعت نظر بدرجہ اتم تھی، فتاویٰ کے جوابات مختصر لیکن قل و دل دیتے تھے اور بیالیس برس تک اس خدمت کو انجام دیا۔ ایسے متقی اور محتاط فقیہ اور محدث آئندہ کہاں پیدا ہوں گے۔ زمانہ کا رنگ پلٹ رہا ہے، انقلاب کی لہریں دیواروں تک پہنچ گئی ہیں، جن کے رہنے والے زمانہ کے اس سیلاب سے اپنے گوشۂ عافیت کو محفوظ سمجھتے تھے، علماء کے خیالات بھی بدل رہے ہیں، اختلاط، میل جول اور مبادلہ آرا سے ان کے نقطۂ نظر میں بھی فرق آرہا ہے، یہ زمانہ علمائے اسلام کے لئے حد درجہ نازک ہے، ایک طرف تو تقویٰ، دینداری، اسلام کی اصلی روح کی حفاظت اور دوسری طرف...
Islam orders to obey the ruler and not to indulge in activities that may cause disruption & instability of an Islamic state. This research discusses rules & regulations based on sīrah about rebellion (khurūj), and relevant topics from Islamic Jurisprudence. The basic question of this research is whether revolt against the ruler is permissible and what would be the punishment? This research elaborates four types of rebellion. Rulings of Muslim scholars regarding rebellion are subjected to the different positions of rulers. According to all school of thoughts the khurūj is not permitted if the ruler is lawful and serving his community with justice. In contrary, there is difference of opinions about the tyrannous and iniquitous ruler. This article concluded that majority of Muslim Scholars do not permit khurūj in any case, some others laid down very strict conditions in this regard.
The customers’ satisfaction and brand loyalty are indispensable prerequisites, for an airline to stay competitive. To gain understanding of the factors affecting Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) declining performance, this research investigates PIA’s service quality, passenger satisfaction, passenger loyalty and empirically examine the directional relationship among these three constructs. The research investigated the airline service quality evolved around the SERVQUAL dimensions based on the different stages of providing services to passengers covering both attitudinal and behavioral aspects of satisfaction and loyalty. The study investigated 360 passengers of PIA and 200 passengers of Emirates airline through convenience sampling technique. The survey was conducted in four major airports in Pakistan, namely, Karachi, Peshawar, Lahore and Islamabad, The data were analyzed using a variety of descriptive and statistical techniques. The descriptive analyses included mean, median, mode and demographic analysis of the passengers on the basis of gender, age, cities and designations of the respondents. The reliability and validity of the research are checked through Cronbach’s alpha, PCA and CFA. The study applied correlation, regression and T-tests to test the hypothesis of the study. The results revealed that all dimensions of expected service quality have a positive significant effect on expected customer satisfaction and expected customer loyalty except expected assurance, which shows the positive insignificant effect. The results demonstrated positive significant effect of all dimensions of actual service quality on actual customer''s satisfaction and actual customer''s loyalty except actual responsiveness which shows a significant negative effect on both actual customer satisfaction and actual loyalty. The results predicted significant difference in expected and actual dimensions of service quality i.e tangibility, reliability, responsiveness and empathy, however assurance show insignificant difference. Expected Customer Satisfaction and actual Customer Satisfaction also showing insignificance difference. The results also predicted insignificant difference between expected Customer loyalty and actual customer loyalty. The results also confirmed the significant difference in PIA and Emirates Airline ii service quality and Emirates found better in this regards, revealed from the T-test comparative results conducted on the bases of both expected and actual service quality dimensions. The overall findings of the study indicate that the service quality is highly related to passenger satisfaction and passenger’s loyalty both and, the level of Emirate’s Airline service quality is better than the PIA. The suggestions are given to PIA.