Understanding inheritance and biotic stress resistance is of crucial importance for the genetic improvement of any field crop. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crop. In the present studies, 8 × 8 diallel crosses were conducted in wheat during 2014-15. All the 56 F1 hybrids along with parental genotypes were evaluated during 2015-16 under irrigated and rainfed conditions to determine the genetic control of various traits and to find out resistance to stripe rust by using molecular markers. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with 3 replications at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture Peshawar-Pakistan. Molecular study was carried out in the Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar and at Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia. Pooled analysis showed highly significant genotypes × environment interaction for all the studied characters except days to maturity, final rust severity (FRS) and relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC). Under both conditions among the genotypes significant differences were observed for the studied parameters. Among the parents, PS-13, JB and PS-05 performed well under both conditions. Under irrigated condition, cross combinations, Lal-13 × JB, KW ×PS-05 and JB × AH while under rainfed condition, cross combinations, PS-05 × PJ-11, Tat-96 × AH and JB × AH, showed best performance for yield and yield related characters. Under irrigated conditions maximum best parent heterosis was observed for cross combinations, KW × Lal-13, Lal-13 × PS-05, Tat-96 × PJ-11 and Lal-13 × JB, whereas, under rainfed conditions, JB × AH, PJ-11× Tat-96 and PS-13 × AH were best heterotic combinations for yield and yield contributing traits. Natural disease infestation was scored for disease infection under both conditions. Under irrigated condition cross combinations, Lal-13 × JB, KW × PS-05, JB × AH, KW × PS-13, Tat-96 × KW and PS-05 × AH and under rainfed condition cross combinations, PS-05 × PJ-11, Tat-96 × AH, JB × AH, Lal-13 × AH and Tat-96 × PS-05 showed best performance for most of the traits. Under both ii environments the genotypes were classified into different groups of high, moderate and low level of partial resistance on the basis of FRS, rAUDPC and average coefficient of infection (ACI) values. Through molecular study, using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers, the presence of yellow rust resistance genes, Yr5, Yr17 and Yr18, were confirmed in 76.5%, 78.1% and 37.5%, respectively, of the material studied. Under rainfed condition genotypes PS-05 × AH, PS-05 and PS-13 × PS-05 and under irrigated condition, Lal-13 × JB, PS-05 × Lal-13, PS-05 × Tat-96 and JB × PS-05 showed partial resistance in field. The rust resistant genes conferring partial resistance were present either individually or in combinations of two or three in the genotypes. In diallel analysis, under both irrigated and rainfed conditions highly significant dominant ‘b’ and additive ‘a’ genetic effects were observed for the studied characters except spikelets spike-1 having non-significant gene effects under both conditions and grains spike-1 having non-significant dominant gene effect under rainfed condition. Additive-dominance model was from complete to partially adequate for various characters under both environments. Similarly, for the studied characters both dominant (H) and additive (D) genetic components were significant under both environments. High broad and narrow sense heritability was estimated for all of the studied parameters except days to maturity, days to heading, 1000-grain weight and biological yield plant-1 which possessed low narrow sense heritability. Mean squares of SCA and GCA analysis were highly significant for the studied parameters except spikelets spike-1 and spike length which remained non-significant under both conditions, whereas, fertile tillers plant-1 remained non-significant under irrigated conditions only. SCA mean squares were smaller than GCA mean squares for yield and yield contributing traits indicating preponderance of additive genetic effects. Under irrigated condition cross combinations, PS-05 × JB, Tat-96 × PJ-11 and AH × PS-05 were best specific combiners while under rainfed condition AH × JB, AH × Tat-96 and PJ-11 × PS-05 were the best specific combiners for yield and yield associated traits. Based on overall results, crosses combinations, Lal-13 × JB, PS-13 × AH and PS-05 × AH were better yielders and had lower yellow rust severity and are recommended to be exploited in future breeding programs. These results suggested the significance of additive and dominant genetic variability and through integrated use of diallel crossing technique or pedigree method with recurrent selection, efficient improvement is possible.
دساں کی حساب، حساب دے وچ دکھ لکھیا پیا کتاب دے وچ اوسے نور دا مڈھ ظہور ہویا جیہڑا چمکدا اے آفتاب دے وچ برہوں ہجردے وچ میں گئی بھنی سیخاں ہوندیاں جیویں کباب دے وچ ہووے غلطی جے کوئی معاف کرنا خط لکھیا گیا شتاب دے وچ اکھیں تکدیاں تکدیاں رہ گئیاں نشہ کیہڑا سی اوس شراب دے وچ جنگاں واسطے پانی دے ہونئیاں نے پانی سُکدا پیا چناب دے وچ کسے کامل ولی دی کر محفل کی لبھنا ایں خانہ خراب دے وچ کیہڑے حیف حنیف دے وچ رُجّھوں ایہو کجھ ہئی عشق دے باب دے وچ
The question of moral rectitude and upbringing of youth in the current social arena is the contemporary discovery attributed to social and family norms that also undergo change due to social and economic reasons. Consequently, deferring levels of piety become more or less acceptable according to an individual’s surroundings and age. The study was done to determine the association between religiosity and behaviors likely to improve the moral, social and psychological habits of young Muslims. The discussion of the article contextualizes the effects of observing practices of Islam on a larger scale. A sample study of this research can be used as evidence to counter the contemporary environment which inevitably generates contradictions for young people. The contradictions result in uncertainty and materialistic atmosphere which does not cater to their spiritual needs and the requirements to develop as the youth of Ummah. Yet, we cannot stop or avoid the negative channels and their effects prevailing on the internet. We can; however, extend the positive spiritual energy in youth that is only possible through careful observance of religious practices comprising regular prayers, fasting, charity and pilgrimage (Hajj). The current apathy of our youth towards the religious injunctions may be attributed to social and family norms that are in some cases relative to the economic conditions and social backup. This will evaluate and assess the way and means of effective inlaying of moral fields where our young people can improve their moral aptitude and rectitude. The impasse of current moral turpitude can be shattered with the bounding relation of human activity and Islamic ritual.
World electricity demand is estimated to double by the mid-century and to triple by the end of the century, even after efficient conservation technology development. Fossil fuels such as natural gas and oil, the major contributors to global electricity generation, are anticipated to peak-over in the following few decades. The generation of electrical energy from renewable resources instead of from fossil fuels has received great interest due to the resource limitations and environmental impacts of the latter. Renewables such as solar radiation and wind face significant challenges of time-dependent intensity fluctuation and natural geographical distribution. Among the different strategies for smoothing the disordered renewables, the electrical energy storage and conversion has been recognized the most efficient and effective approach. Energy storage in the form of charges include supercapacitors and battery technologies, the former is very effective in terms of power density while the latter is the best option in terms of energy density. Energy conversion devices include fuel cells, which can generate electricity from chemical fuels with large efficiency and zero pollutant emission and are very suitable for use in vehicle engines and portable electronics. In the first part of this research work, different MOFs precursors, namely MOF-5, Zn-BTC, MOF-199, MIL-101(Cr) and ZIF-12 are converted to pure carbon, and metal oxide decorated carbon structures by the inert-atmosphere template carbonization approach. MOF-derived carbon nanospheres and microporous carbons have delivered specific capacitance in the range of 150 to 350 F g–1, the optimum performance of the designed electrode materials in comparison to the literature. In long-term cycling performance, the copper oxide decorated graphitic carbons and the chromium oxide decorated turbostratic graphitic carbons retained about 95% of their initial capacitance. The novel innovative hybrid composite of cobalt oxide embedded N-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from single-step calcination of ZIF-12 has shown an excellent lithium charge/discharge and storage, retaining ~95% capacity after 50 cycles and a reversible capacity of ~1100 mA h g–1 at a current density of 0.1 A g–1, which far exceeds the performance of conventional lithium ion battery anode materials under similar conditions. In the second part of this research work, platinum group metal-type (PGM-type) catalysts were deposited on MOF-5-derived high-surface area carbon and electrochemically evaluated for the fuel cell cathodic sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The Pt-Ni composition (1:1) exhibited a pronounced positive shift of 90 mV in onset-potential while the Pt-Cu composition (1:1) has delivered an outstanding stability and longevity when evaluated against the commercial Pt/C (20%) catalyst. The significantly improved activity and stability of the catalysts can be attributed to the Pt electron interaction with first-row transition metals and carbon support that prevents the nanoparticles from agglomeration and dissolution as has been proved in X-ray and microscopic analysis.