Increasing water shortage for irrigation is a major constrain to sustainable cotton production. Cotton plant observes reduction in seed cotton yield as well as fibre quality when subjected to water deficit conditions. Present investigation were conducted to study the genetic basis of agro-physiological and fiber quality traits in cotton under normal irrigation and water deficit stress. For this purpose, 45 genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum L. were studied under two moisture levels i.e. normal irrigation and water-deficit stress conditions for two years (2013 and 2014). The experiment was conducted using split plot arrangement under randomized complete block design. All the genotypes behaved differently under both control and water - deficit stress. Genotype × Environment Interaction (GEI) of cotton genotypes with two water levels (Environments) were studied for some selected agro-physiological traits i.e. seed cotton yield, bolls per plant, boll weight, water potential, osmotic potential, pressure potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, canopy temperature, relative water contents, protein contents and proline contents using AMMI biplot analysis. Results showed that the genotypes VH-291, FH- 329, FH-153, IR-6, FH-159, VH-289, FH-322, MNH-886, S-15 and FH-207 proved stable for most of the traits studied whereas; NS-131, AA-703 and KZ 191 interacted undesirably with water-deficit stress. Results of screening revealed that working variability among germplasm was present and controlled by significant genetic component, which may be exploit through hybridization. Therefore, F1 crosses were developed in the greenhouse keeping stress tolerant genotypes as lines and sensitive as a testers using line × tester technique. 30F1 crosses along with 13 parents were planted under two stress levels i.e normal and water-deficit in field condition to examine the genetic basis of agro-physiological and fiber quality traits. Under normal condition lines showed more contribution for bolls per plant, seed cotton yield and canopy temperature whilst, line × tester interaction showed maximum contribution for boll weight, water potential, osmotic potential, pressure potential, staple length, fibre fineness and fiber strength. Under water-deficit condition, the expression of bolls per plant, seed cotton yield, osmotic potential, pressure potential, relative water contents, protein contents, staple length, fiber fineness and fiber strength were largely determined by interaction of line × tester. Contribution by lines were more for boll weight, water potential and canopy temperature. The analysis of F1 and parents data revealed the presence of non-additive genes controlling variation under both normal and water-deficit condition. FH-159 and FH-207 were best general combiners under normal irrigation and water deficit condition. Under normal condition, cross FH-322 × NS-131 showed best specific combining ability while FH-207 × KZ-191 was best combination under water deficit condition for most of the traits. Higher heterosis over better parent were observed in FH-159 × KZ-191 and VH-289 × AA-703 under normal and water deficit condition respectively. For seed cotton yield the crosses FH-207 × NS-131, S-15 × AA- 703 and FH-329 × NS-131 showed higher and significant heterosis over better parent under water deficit condition that may be used in development of hybrid for water shortage areas in Pakistan.
فرنگی محل کی آخری شمع بجھ گئی! آہ! مولانا عبدالباری! وَمَا کَان قَیْس’‘ ھَلْکُہٗ ھَلْکُ وَاحِدٍ قیس کا مرنا صرف ایک آدمی کا مرنا نہیں ہے وَلٰکِنَّہُ بُنْیَانُ قَوْمٍ تَھَدَّمَا بلکہ پوری قوم کی بنیاد کا گر جانا ہے۔ دریغا! کہ آج قلم کو اس مجسمۂ علم و اخلاص کا ماتم کرنا ہے جس کے وصف و مدح کا فرض اس کو بارہا ادا کرنا پڑا ہے، دارالعلم و العمل فرنگی محل کی کہنہ عمارتوں میں فضل و کمال، ایمان و معرفت اور زہد و ورع کی جو آخری شمع جل رہی تھی وہ ۱۹، ۲۰ کی درمیانی شب میں ہمیشہ کے لئے بجھ گئی۔ فرنگی محل کے متاخرین میں حضرت استاذ استاذی مولانا عبدالحئی کے بعد مولانا عبدالباری کی ذات نمایاں ہوئی تھی، جو بزرگ اجداد کی بہت سی روایایت کی حامل تھی، ارشاد و ہدایت، وعظ و نصیحت، درس و تدریس، درس و تدریس، تلاش و مطالعہ، تحریر و تالیف ان کے روزانہ مشاغل تھے، ان دینی و علمی مناقب کے ساتھ دین و ملت کی راہ میں ان کا جان فروشانہ جذبہ اور مجاہدانہ اغلاص ہمرنگ شہدا تھا۔ ذاتی اخلاق، جو دوسخا، تواضع و انکسار، علم کی عزت، صداقت، حق گوئی ان کے اوصاف گراں مایہ تھے، وہ بے کسوں کے ملجا، مسافروں کے ماویٰ اور تنگدستوں کے دستگیر تھے، عبادت گزار، شب زندہ دار اور حق کے طلبگار تھے۔ ہندوستان میں ان کی ذات ذی اقتدار علماء کی حیثیت سے اس وقت فرد تھی، جدید تعلیم یافتوں کی سیاسی جدوجہد کو مذہبی تحریک بنادینا یقینا انہیں کا کارنامہ شمار کیا جائے گا۔ اس لئے ان کی یہ غیر متوقع موت صرف فرنگی محل کا نہیں بلکہ اسلام کا سانحہ ہے اور بنابریں ان کی جواں مرگی ہمیشہ کے لئے تاریخ اسلام کا ایک اندوہناک واقعہ شمار...
The Qur’ān is the divine renewed miracle in which the divine systemic rules stand for the collective good of humanity, the importance of caring for its reading and the significance of the meanings according to time and place and the new circumstances that man lives in. This research stands for analysis the significance contents mentioned in the Qur’ānic verse ﴿فَلا تقل لهمآ أُفٍ﴾. The dimensions include in the verse in terms of rules, judgments, and traditions are detailed in three main themes: firstly, is to read and explore the verse in terms of being a source of fundamentalist rules in the Islamic jurisprudence, which has a multiplicity of Schools of Islamic jurisprudence, in which it recognizes the concept of obedience to parents. Secondly, this verse is a reference to the social norms that governs the behavior of the individual and the society as evidence from the signs of discipline, whose meanings are interpreted by the fact of the children's respect for the parents and the establishment of a successful and balanced society based on family relations. Lastly, inspired from the existence of the significance in this verse to stand on the reality according to the concept of running this significance in the structure of Islamic law, which means the care of the individual and the society based on honor and human dignity. Thoroughly, it is concluded with recommendations in understanding the miraculous meaning of the verse, which ensures the implementation of the rules that the verse included in preserving the feelings of the parents according to the modern concepts of social care and services to preserve the existence of societies based on family relations.
In this dissertation, a novel direct radio frequency (RF) sampling method is proposed in order to find out the minimum sampling frequency for an evenly spaced spectrum comprising multiband RF signals. The proposed methodology describes a set of rules to achieve the lowest possible sampling frequency rates without any compromise of spectrum folding or overlap of aliases in baseband after down conversion. It is shown that the minimum sampling rate has a unique relation with the layout of the spectrum of interest (SOI). For instance, if there are N number of information bands of equal bandwidth B in the SOI, then it is possible to down-convert the complete SOI using the sampling rate, 2NB, which is twice of the total information bandwidth only if all bands are evenly spaced in the SOI. Another factor introduced to the achieve the minimum sampling rate is the sparseness-nature in the SOI, which is the ratio of null bandwidth to information bandwidth. The proposed methodology is general in nature and is flexible to the number of input signals or bands as well as to their positions in the desired spectrum. In the proposed research work, simulations are carried out that verify that by using the recommended minimum sampling rates, the desired signal is extractable without any additional computational complexity due to spectrum folding or aliasing-overlap. Our proposed methodology has a vast scope in the design of general-purpose receivers, global navigational satellite system (GNSS) receiver and cognitive radios (CR) because of the use of a low speed ADC. Moreover, the same can be efficiently used to monitor a wide band spectrum in military communications especially for electronic warfare receivers, where reduction of the complexity, size and cost has significant importance. As a model application of our proposed work, we present a composite design for the multiband-multistandard GNSS receiver. The design efficacy is based on the proposed bandpass sampling methodology that transforms the sparse-spectrum electromagnetic environment into a quasi-uniformly spaced spectrum of compact bandwidth, which is more appropriate and useful for simultaneous digitization and down-conversion of analogue signals. In this method, only a part of SOI is transformed to an intermediate frequency. In this way, the desired frequency bands of information that are widely spread, are grouped to form a contiguous-spectrum which is quasi-uniformly spaced. There on, a sub- sampling is carried out for simultaneous digitization and translation of input signals to the first-Nyquist zone. The proposed composite architecture is also helpful to circumvent the higher-order intermodulation components. The proposed design is validated for conventional Global Positioning System L1 and L2 bands and also for new L5 band used in GNSS (GLONASS, Galileo and Beidou) receivers. The presented results show considerable reduction in the sampling rates, and improvement in signal-to-noise and distortion ratio, which can be easily managed by a low sampling analogue to digital conversion.