افراد کے ہاتھوں میں ہے اقوام کی تقدیر
قوم کسی پتھر کا نام نہیں ہے ،کسی ویرانے میں کھڑے درخت کا نام نہیں ہے کسی بہتی ہوئی ندی کا نام نہیں ہے، کسی لہلہاتے ہوئے کھیت کا نام نہیں ہے، قوم افراد کے مجموعے کو کہتے ہیں ۔قو میں بنتی ہیں اور قومیں بگڑتی بھی ہیں، قو میں سنورتی بھی ہیں اور قومیں بر بادبھی ہوتی ہیں کبھی قو میں تنزلی کا شکار ہوتی ہیں اورکبھی ترقی کی معراج پر فائز ہوکر دنیا میں ایک منفرد مقام حاصل کرتی ہیں۔
اقوام کے بگاڑنے اور سنوارنے میں افراد کا ہاتھ ہوتا ہے کیونکہ فرد قوم کی ایک اکائی ہے، اکا ئی ایک جُز ہوتا ہے اور جُز سے اجزاء بنتے ہیں اور پھر یہ اجزاء مل کر ایک قوم کی شکل اختیار کر جاتے ہیں۔ اقوام کی قسمت اور تقدیر افرادہی کے ہاتھوں میں ہوتی ہے، اگر افراد پڑھے لکھے ہیں تو قوم پڑھی لکھی ہے اور اگر افراد ان پڑھ اور گنوار ہیں توپھر قوم بھی اسی طرح کی ہوتی ہے۔
علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ اپنے اس مِصْرَعَہَ میں اپنی قوم کی تقدیر کے بارے میں اظہارِ خیال اس طرح کرتے ہیں کہ اگر ایک شخص ہاتھ پر ہاتھ دھرے بیٹھار ہے اور بے عملی کا شکار ہو تساہل اور غفلت اس کی عادت ثانیہ بن چکی ہو تو وہ اپنی قوم کے لیے کوئی قابلِ قدر خدمات سرانجام نہیں دے سکتا۔ اس نے قوم کی تقدیر کو بدلنے کے لیے اپنارول ادا کرنا ہے۔ کوئی فلکی مخلوق نہیں آئے گی کہ اس کے حالات بدل دے۔ اس لیے خودتگ و دو کرنا پڑے گی ، بستر استراحت کو چھوڑنا پڑے گا، زرق برق لباس زیب تن کر کے نمودونمائش کے بت کو پاش پاش کرنا پڑے گا، خلوص دل سے اپنے ملک وقوم کے لیے...
This article discusses the application of the new public service concept in serving the public. This is based on the Public Administration Problem in its development which has gone through several stages. As one of the countries in the world, of course, it is part of the global administration system, which always develops in accordance with the development of contradictions and mutual relations between nations in the world. So that the implementation of the new public service can have an impact on the implementation of the New Public Service with an awareness of the real role of the state. It is no longer authoritarian or still chooses who has the right to receive services from the State. In the current context, the practice of Public Administration has led to the principles of the New Public Service paradigm.
Insecticide exposure can affect honey bees in agro-ecosystems, posing behavioral stresses that can lead to population decline. In this study, insecticide incidence, DNA damage, and antioxidant enzyme activity were studied in Apis florea and A. dorsata honey bee samples collected from insecticide-treated and insecticide-free areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Seven insecticides: chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, imidacloprid, phorate, emamectin, chlorfenapyr, and acetamiprid were detected in seven samples of A. florea and five samples of A. dorsata. In total, 12 samples (22.2%) of honey bees were found positive to insecticide presence out of 54 samples. The most frequently detected insecticide was chlorpyrifos, which was found in four samples (7.4%), with a concentration ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 μg/g and an average concentration 0.03 μg/g. The comet assay or single cell gel electrophoresis assay, a simple way to measure DNA strand breaks in eukaryotic cells, was used to microscopically find damage of DNA at the level of a single cell. Comet tail lengths of DNA in A. florea and A. dorsata samples from insecticidetreated areas were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than samples from insecticide-free areas. The highest comet tail length (19.28 ± 2.67 μm) was observed in DNA of A. dorsata from insecticidetreated areas, while the minimum one (3.18 ± 1.46 μm) was noted in A. dorsata from insecticidefree areas. Catalase (CAT) activity did not vary significantly between honey bee samples from insecticide-treated and insecticide-free areas, while glutathione S transferase (GST) activity showed a significant reduction in response to insecticide exposure. Significant positive correlations were detected between enzyme activity and insecticide concentration in honey bee species from insecticide-treated areas compared with control groups. Toxicity from pesticide exposure at sub-lethal levels after application or from exposure to pesticide residues should not be underestimated in honey bees, as it may induce physiological impairment that can decline honey bees'' health. Insecticides, essential for crop protection measures, leave behind several toxic residues that can result in a series of human health disorders. Therefore, the determination of residues and adverse effects of insecticides in blood samples of sprayers, pesticide-industry workers and controls by using blood parameters of these individuals as biomarkers, was also carried out. Optimized analytical methods using GC-MS and HPLC for the simultaneous detection of 22 currently used insecticides were adopted. Eight of twenty-seven (22.22%) sprayers’ blood samples were found positive for five different insecticides. Eleven of twentyseven (40.74%) pesticide industry workers were found positive for eight different insecticides. The blood samples of both the exposed groups, sprayers and industry workers had significantly (P < 0.001; Mann-Whitney U-tests) low hemoglobin-Hb concentrations (12.17 ± 2.13 and 12.22 ± 2.37 g/dl respectively) than the average value of the control group with 14.23 ± 2.37 g/dl. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) in sprayers and insecticide industry workers (28.78 ± 20.72 and 28.17 ± 25.14 mm/1st h respectively) were greater significantly (P <0.001; MannWhitney U test) than the control blood samples (9.53 ± 3.34 mm/1st h). Comet tail length in comet assay of the two exposed groups, i.e., pesticide operators and industry workers (16.33 ± 3.78 and 16.88 ± 4.57 µm) differed significantly (P < 0.01) from comet tail length of the control group (6.53 ± 2.75 µm).Values of serum cholinesterase (SChE) concentration were slightly lower (P > 0.05) in exposed individuals, whereas values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in exposed individuals compared with control group. Exposure duration and total insecticide concentration in blood samples were positively associated with comet length, ALT activity, AST activity, and ALP activity, but negatively with SChE. DNA damage was significantly higher in smokers. Also, a positive association was found between comet length and number of cigarettes per day. These results indicate that the exposed individuals have experienced significant genotoxic and hemotoxic effects during insecticide exposure. The study also predicts the risk to exposed individuals in developing countries like Pakistan and demands realization of safety measures to prevent such dangerous effects of pesticide exposures. Out of total of 143 samples analyzed (59 fruits & vegetables, 36 pollen, 36 nectar and 27 water samples), 50 samples (34.96%) were found positive for one or more insecticides. Fruits and vegetables 24(40.67%), pollen 8(22.22%) and nectar 6(16.66%) and water 18(66.67%) samples were found positive. Total 13 insecticides were detected in 27 watersamples of three zones of Punjab (Pakistan) ranging from 0.02 to 0.8 μg/L. Different insecticides including carbosulfan, profenofos, cypermethrin, endosulfan sulfate and chlorpyriphos-methyl were frequently detected in the fruit and vegetable samples. The results suggest that consumers of Punjab province are exposed to the lower concentrations of insecticides that can cause longlasting disorders.