Hepatitis C infection has become a leading cause of chronic liver disease and a globally growing public health concern these days. It has infected about 150 million individuals worldwide including ten millions in Pakistan. The standard protocol to treat the Hepatitis C patient is based on the confirmation of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the patient’s blood, determination of viral load and its specific genotype. This information helps to decide the nature and duration of therapy. Before treating the Hepatitis C patients, an in-house HCV RNA qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for the detection of HCV on molecular level was established. To investigate the specific genotype of HCV in the patient, a multiplex HCV genotyping assay was also established. HCV RNA was detected in 4981 (75.81%) out of 6570 cases which were reactive for Anti-HCV antibody test by ELISA method. 4528(90.90%) of the HCV RNA positive patients had single genotype, 201(4.04%) had more than one genotypes whereas in 252(5.06%) HCV remained non-classifiable. Although genotype 3 was the most frequent type in the present study (68.10%). However, a downward trend was observed in the prevalence of genotype 3 in last five years (2007-2012). On the contrary, the prevalence of genotype 1 and 4 was observed to be rising during that period. Transmission of HCV was strongly associated with the use of un- sterilized razors in barber shops as well as in those who underwent procedures in general or dental surgery. The low titer of HCV RNA at the start of therapy, more than two log drop of viral load at week-4 and undetectable HCV RNA in the middle of therapy were associated with the response of HCV infected patients treated with Interferon alpha 2b plus Ribavirin (IFNα- 2b+RBV). So, the findings of present study suggest that the viral load measurement at different time points during the therapy could be used in clinical practice to decide the treatment continuation or termination at early stages. The response to treatment (IFNα-2b+RBV) was also observed to be inversely related to the age of the patient. Younger age was associated with a better response and old age with treatment failure. The ratio of ETR was marginally higher in males (76.14%) than females (72.77%). Sustained response was observed to be high in genotype 3. The treatment response was also highly associated with amino acid sequence variation in both the selected regions of E2 protein from HCV subtype 3a (E2 506-564 and E2 622-714 ).
مولانا مفتی محمد شفیع ابھی پاکستان ریڈیو سے یہ خبر وحشت اثرمعلوم کرکے سخت صدمہ اور رنج ہوا کہ مولانا مفتی محمد شفیع صاحب کا قلب کی حرکت کے بند ہوجانے سے انتقال پُرملال ہوگیا۔ دارالعلوم دیوبند کے جو حضرات ِاساتذہ راقم الحروف کے بھی اساتذہ تھے، حضرت مفتی صاحب اُن کی آخری یادگار تھے، اب وہ بھی نہیں رہے۔ اِنَّالِلّٰہِ وَاِنَّا اِلَیْہِ رَاجِعُوْن۔ داغِ فراق صحبتِ شب کی جَلی ہوئی اک شمع رہ گئی تھی سو وہ بھی خموش ہے دیوبند میں دو خاندان علم وفضل اوردینی خدمات وفیوض کے اعتبارسے بہت نمایاں ہیں، ایک عثمانی اوردوسرا صدیقی۔ مفتی صاحب مرحوم اول الذکر خاندان کے گل سر سبد تھے۔ مولانا محمد یٰسین صاحب جودارالعلوم دیوبند میں درجۂ فارسی کے صدر المدرسین اور نہایت باکمال استاذ تھے، وہ آپ کے والدِ ماجد تھے۔ ۱۳۱۳ھ میں پیدا ہوئے، از اول تاآخر پوری تعلیم دارالعلوم میں پائی، ۱۳۳۵ھ میں فراغت پائی۔اس زمانہ میں دارالعلوم کاآفتاب جہاں تاب نقطۂ عروج پر تھا، اس بناء پر مفتی صاحب کواکابر علماء ومشائخ دیوبند سے استفادہ کا بہترین موقع ملا۔کہتے ہیں چراغ سے چراغ روشن ہوتا ہے، لیکن جہاں علم و عمل کے چند در چند شمع ہاے روشن مصروف انجمن آرائی ہوں تواُن کی فیض رسانی کا عالم کیا ہوگا! ذہانت، ذوق، علم وجستجو اورمحنت وکاوش کاملکہ خداداد تھا اس لیے مفتی صاحب جب فارغ ہوئے تودارالعلوم کے قابلِ فخر فرزند تھے۔ فراغت کے بعد حضرت مولانا مفتی ۔۔؟ الرحمن صاحب عثمانیؒ کی نگرانی اورتربیت کے زیرِ سایہ دارالافتاء میں ؟کام کیا اور درس وتدریس کی خدمت بھی انجام دی، یہاں تک کہ دونوں شعبوں میں ؟نام پیدا کیا، اوراب خود اکابرِ دیوبند میں اُن کا شمار ہونے لگا۔ اگرچہ تمام علوم وفنون متداولہ میں پختہ اور ٹھوس استعداد کے مالک تھے ،لیکن خاص فن فقہ تھا اور اس مناسبت سے تفقہ...
It is generally believed that the contemporary world of academia is divided between Divine and non-Divine philosophies. By considering the Divine theory in accordance to the human behavior, advocates of theory take it in the best interest of mankind. They argued that the Creator Himself guides the human being in right direction. Islam unlike modern concept of governance does not separate religion from politics and fulfills its legislative needs by means of Divine Law or Shariah. In Islamic system, the state through Caliph will have to establish Shariah of God by working on the restrictions set by Him and in conformity with His orders and commands. Yet he is allowed only to give lawful command and the people are also bound to follow only the lawful commands. In Islam there is no place for such a political order where a solitary individual or a group of persons have authoritarian or dictatorial rule. However, the Muslims, in all circumstances, must cling to the state authorities and are obliged to submit to the ultimate source of law given by the Almighty Allah in the Quran. Non-Divine theories, on the other hand mainly stress upon rationalization of human development and behavior in a certain direction. Leaving those theories aside, current study will focus on the political philosophy of Islam as prescribed by the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. The subject matter of the study is to see the possibilities regarding implementation of Islamic values in the contemporary state and society.
Schizophrenia is related with physiological condition. It effects brain sections including
the prefrontal cortex, the basal ganglia as well as limbic system. There are certain
neurotransmitters present in the brain such as dopamine. When level of dopamine is
disturbed it causes schizophrenia. Environmental factors like stress, depression and
anxiety also contribute to schizophrenia. Several drugs including first and second
generation are available to provide treatment against schizophrenia. Second generation
drugs have better results and less side effects than first generation. Clozapine is second
generation drug which was recommended as best drug for schizophrenia. It rebalances
dopamine and helps to treat the patients of schizophrenia as well as diminishing of
suicidal thoughts. Therapies and counselling also help to overcome this disorder.
Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase catalyzes the synthesis of norepinephrine. Dopamine beta
hydroxylase activity was suggested as a biological marker for schizophrenia alongside
other psychiatric disorders. Here our goal is to design best inhibitor against schizophrenia
with low cost and less side effects because the recommended drugs for schizophrenia are
expensive and have many side effects.
For this study, different databases were used. Structure and potential lead molecules
were identified by the help of structure as well as ligand based virtual screening.
AutoDock is used for virtual screening based on target. For ligand based virtual screening
ZINC 15 database was used. Compounds were selected and further screened by using
PyRx software. The ligands with less binding affinity were selected for analysis.
Structure and interactions are viewed in DS visualizer tool and protein ligand explorer.
Virtual screening is used for computational screening of huge library of chemicals for
the compounds which supplement targets of known structure by testing them
experimentally. Ligands were screened by using PyRx server and ZINC 15 server. Auto
dock is used to dock ligands against drugs and display results. On the bases of binding
energy and affinities ligands were Chosen. Top 10 potent inhibitors displayed high
docking scores as well binding affinity and energy. Drugs can be further analyzed by use
of vitro and in vivo analysis