مولانا ظفر علی خاں
افسوس ہے مولانا ظفر علی خاں بھی چل بسے۔مرحوم علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی کے قدیم طلبا میں اور اس ادارہ کی علمی،ادبی اور تہذیبی روایات کے بڑے حامل تھے۔ اردو صحافت میں انھوں نے بڑانام پیداکیا۔وہ بیک وقت بلند پایہ صحافی، صاحبِ طرز ادیب،نہایت قادر الکلام شاعر،نامور ادیب اورساتھ ہی صف اوّل کے لیڈر اورمجاہد تھے۔ایک زمانہ تھا کہ’ زمیندار‘ اخبار اورمرحوم کے اشعار کاگھر گھر چرچاتھا۔اُن کے فیض تعلیم وتربیت سے سینکڑوں ادیب، جرنلسٹ اور شاعر ہوگئے۔ شاعری میں انھوں نے شروع شروع میں اپنے استاد مولانا شبلی کاتتبع کیا لیکن اس مخصوص طرز کوانھوں نے اس درجہ ترقی دی کہ وہ اردو شاعری کی ایک مستقل صنف بن گیا۔الفاظ اُن کی مشت ِفکر میں موم تھے، جس طرح چاہا اُن سے کام لے لیا۔سخت سے سخت قوافی پرغیر معمولی قدرت تھی۔ذہن بے حد رسا اور طبیعت بلا کی موزوں تھی۔اگر وہ چاہتے توگھنٹوں شعروں میں گفتگو کرسکتے تھے۔بے شمار اخباری مضامین ومقالات اورنظموں اورغزلوں کے علاوہ چند ادبی کتابیں جن میں سے بعض اوریجنل ہیں اور بعض تراجم اور’الفاروق‘ کی جلداوّل کا انگریزی ترجمہ اُن کی ادبی یادگاریں ہیں۔تہذیب وشرافت اوراخلاق واطوار کے لحاظ سے ایک راسخ العقیدہ مسلمان تھے۔اُن کی زندگی بڑے بڑے طوفانوں سے گزری تھی جن میں وہ چٹان کی طرح اپنے مقام پرکھڑے رہے۔اﷲ تعالیٰ اُن کومغفرت وبخشش کی نعمتوں سے نوازے۔ [دسمبر۱۹۵۶ء]
This research is a correlational study with two variables – variable X standing for vocabulary mastery and variable Y standing for reading comprehension. There were three research questions: (1) What is the level of correlation between variable X and variable Y; (2) How significant is the contribution that can be given by variable X toward variable Y; and (3) Is there positive correlation between variable X and variable Y? The sample of this research was fifty students of the first semester at Economic Faculty of Alkhairaat University. The instruments were tests and questionnaire. Through tests, it was found that: (1) The level of correlation between variable X and variable Y was strong; (2) The significant contribution given by variable X toward variable Y was 52.8%, meaning variable X gave much contribution to variable Y; and (3) There was positive correlation between variable X and variable Y since the value of r-counted (0.727) was higher than the value of r-table (0.279). Through questionnaire, 46% respondents agreed that vocabulary took a role in helping them to comprehend English texts, meaning the more vocabulary they have, the better they are in comprehending English texts.
Worldwide 39 million people are blind, and the number of people that could be blind is predicted to be 79 million in 2020. The loss of vision puts a limitation on a blind person to perform daily activities smoothly, which hampers the person’s participation/progress in education, employment, and social networking. The access to information on ubiquitous devices including smartphones, smartwatches, and wearable assistive bands is an emerging trend for not only people with vision but also those that are visually impaired. A large number of blind people are using smartphone-based assistive technologies and accessibility services such as talkback and voice assistants in performing their common-life activities including placing calls, sharing pictures, reading books, and sending messages, etc. However, existing accessibility services face several problems including late learning, accessing and selecting nonvisual items on the screen, finding an item of interest in a complex menu structure, and operating multiple connected-devices. In addition, the diversity of the devices, mutable user requirements, equipment, apparatus, systems, apps, services, accessibility, usability, and context-sensitivity contributes to the frustrating user experience significantly. Therefore, an accessibility-inclusive blind-friendly user interface model is required to perform activities on touchscreen interfaces. This thesis defines a semantically enriched universal accessibility framework by designing a usable, personalized, light-weight, and semantically enriched accessibility-inclusive user interface to operate common applications on a smartphone. The proposed blind-friendly interface design simplifies User Interface Artefacts (UIAs) such as layouts, labels, buttons, and panels, etc., on touchscreen interfaces. The users can share UIAs to other devices instead of sharing the whole screen by enhancing the availability and consistency of multiple devices. The user v experience of blind people in operating smartphone/smartwatch interfaces were evaluated through empirical and automated user studies. The evaluation framework peculiarly recorded and investigated the behaviour of the blind people on several usability parameters including attitude, intention to use, perceived usefulness, understandability & learnability, operability, ease of use, system usability scale, minimal memory load, consistency, and user satisfaction. The study leveraged an improved user experience of blind people in performing common-life activities on a smartphone. The findings of this thesis provide an essential reference for usability experts, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) experts, and application developers in designing accessibility-inclusive services for touchscreen user interfaces