Bt transgenic cotton, being a vital part of pest management effectively controls the target pest, Helicoverpa armigera. However, the success of Bt technology depends on the persistent vulnerability of target pests to Bt insecticidal protein The results of field studies exhibited a parallel trend of H. armigera egg laying in all six cultivars whereas larval incidence found minimum in dual toxin genotype followed by single Bt genotypes (FH-118 followed by FH-Lalazar, MNH-886 and FH-142, respectively) and maximum on non-Bt (FH-942) at Faisalabad, Multan and Bahawalpur during both study years. The baseline susceptibility of H. armigera larvae conducted in 2013, showed LC50 ranging from 0.123 to 1.026 µg ml-1, 0.148 to 1.675 µg ml-1 and 0.210 to 2.761 µg ml-1, against 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae respectively to susceptible and field collected populations (Faisalabad, Multan and Bahawalpur). These results gave an indication that Bahawalpur population was found 8.34, 11.32 and 14.71-fold resistant, followed by Multan (5.54, 7.44 and 8.99 fold) and Faisalabad population (4.08, 4.88 and 5.23 fold), for 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae respectively in comparison with susceptible population. The MIC50 was 0.003 to 0.006 µg ml-1, 0.009 to 0.088 µg ml-1 and 0.014 to 0.206 µg ml-1 for 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae respectively. whereas highest number of BWP population survived and showed resistance (23.33, 9.77 and 14.71-fold), MLT (10.67, 5.88 and 6.21) and FSD (6.67, 2.44 and 2.71 fold). This lethal concentration increased gradually and similar trend were found during 2014. In case of detached plant bioassay, 1st and 2nd instar larvae were found to be more susceptible and highest mortality was recorded on different plants parts of CEMB33 (leaves > square > flower > bolls), compared with single Bt cotton genotypes (FH-118 > FH-Lalazar > MNH-886 > FH-142, respectively). All 1st and 2nd instar larvae were unable to pupate. The order of mortality was: susceptible > Faisalabad > Multan > Bahawalpur. In case of bioassay on 3rd, 4th and 5th instar, the percent mortality and female longevity was consistently decreased whereas the pupation, adult emergence, fecundity and male longevity was consistently increased. The data also indicated that 1st instar neonate died (i.e. 100% cumulative mortality) after one day, three days and six days when assayed by 4, 1 and 0.25 µg ml-1 toxin respectively. However, maximum survival was recorded when neonate assayed at 25ᴼC followed by 45, 30, 35 and 40ᴼC, in case of all preceding concentrations (0.063, 0.016 and 0.004). The pupation (%), adult emergence (%), pupal weight (mg), larval and pupal duration (days) was recorded maximum at 25ᴼC followed by 45, 30, 35 and 40ᴼC. The Relative Enhanced Toxicity Factor was increased gradually and consistently up to 40ᴼC but decreased suddenly when assayed at 45ᴼC, in case of LC50 and LC90 estimation.The results of asymmetric fluctuation indicated that right side of tibia, fore wing and hind wing length was larger than the left side. However, the susceptible population possess minimum length of tibia, fore wing and hind wing than population of Faisalabad, Multan and Bahawalpur. The data showed that all the morphological traits including FMR ratio was found maximum from Bahawalpur population followed by Multan, Faisalabad and susceptible population.
کارِ سعادت قیاس ذاتی کسی بھی اعتراض گزار کی بنیادی قوت ہوتی ہے جسے وہ شعور (خود ساختہ شعور جو آرٹ کے درجے میں ہے) کے ذریعے کسی معروضی حقیقتِ مطلق کو اپنے شعور کے مطابق قیاس کر کے مسرور ہوتا ہے تبھی کہا جاتا ہے خود سے یگانگی حقیقت سے بیگانگی کے مترادف ہوتی ہے۔ ہرہیچ مدان و ناتواں کو اپنے عقلِ کل ہونے کا زعم وقوف سے عاری کرتا ہے اس لیے مضحکہ خیز اعتراضات کو فتوحات گردانتا ہے۔ حالاں کہ راست علم ہمیشہ کسی واقعی معروض کی تمیز سے اٹھتا ہے یعنی موجود پر قوتِ امتیاز یا وجدانی ادراک کے ذریعے جوہر کے اسما و شناخت کا سفر طے کیا جاتا ہے۔ ہر چند ہر مذہب موضوعِ علم بننے کی پوری استطاعت رکھتا ہے۔ ہاں مگر ناظر کاصاحبِ وجدان ہونا ازحد ضروری ہوتا ہے۔ چوں کہ ہر قضیہ وجدانی ادراک کے متحرک ہونے سے جنم لیتا ہے۔ ہم زمان و مکان کا ادراک اسی استعداد کی تحریک سے کرتے ہیں۔ اسی لیے ایک طے شدہ امر ہے کہ شعور ِ علمی کی تشکیل میں خارجی معروض کا ہونا بنیادی حیثیت کا حامل ہے۔ اگر خارجی معروض اور اس سے منسوب شعورِ انسانی میں مطابقت نہ ہو تو قضیہ کے بجائے بے بنیاد مناقشات ظہور کرتے ہیں ،جن پہ خارجی واقعیت دلالت نہیں کرتی اور نتیجہ خیز حقانیت کی راہیں بھی برابر مسدود ہوتی جاتی ہیں۔ جب معترضین اپنے خود ساختہ علم کا قابلِ قبول شعور پیدا کرنے سے قاصر ہو جاتے ہیں تو اس کی غلط توجیہات پر قانع ہونے کے شعور سے بھی ہاتھ دھو بیٹھتے ہیں۔ اکثر یوں ہوتا ہے کہ نظریاتی تسکین جب بھی ضرورت سے زیادہ بڑھ جاتی ہے تو معیاری اور یقینی علم کو محال کر دیتی ہے۔ اعتراض محاذ تب بنتا ہے جب علمی کے بجائے ذاتی تسکین...
The Qur’an is the most-read book in the world. Revealed by Allah Almighty to Prophet Muhammad, and revered by Muslims as being Allah’s Final Scripture and Testament, its words have been lovingly recited, memorized and implemented by Muslims of every nationality ever since. The Quran is also the only holy book that can be memorized in its entirety by people of all ages and intellectual abilities – including non-Arabic speakers – which Muslims consider to be one of its miracles. The Holy Quran is the source guide; the purpose of Similitude in Qur’an is to get a lesson. In each instance there is knowledge to mankind, it possesses a particular utility. Allah ta’aala has invited to all mankind to consider the Quran, as in the Holy Quran” Do they not then think deeply in the Qur'an, or are their hearts locked up (from understanding it)?”. This article explains deeply about the Importance of Similitude of Qur’an.
Medicinal plants are major source of drugs used for the treatment of various health disorders. Berberis lyceum Royal, an indigenous plant of the North-East of Pakistan was selected to explore its medicinal value during this study. This plant has many therapeutic values and is being used against many diseases / infections by local population since centuries. B.lyceum remedies provided against swollen and sore eyes, broken bones, wounds, gonorrhea, curative piles, unhealthy ulcers, acute conjunctive, and in chronic ophthalmia. Therefore, thorough investigation was conducted for proximate analysis, fatty acid contents, metal ion analysis, isolation and purification of alkaloids. Bioactivity of crude extract for antimicrobial, antidiabetic and wound healing have been investigated in this study. Biochemical analysis of root samples of B. lyceum Royal showed the variation among different parameters, which include protein contents (4.4 – 6.24 %), crude fiber (14.96 – 16.40 %) and crude ash (3.79 – 6.99 %) on dry weight basis. No variation regarding crude fats (0.5 %) was found in any samples analyzed. The oil contents were determined by Soxhlet method and results revealed that the principal saturated and unsaturated fatty acid components of B. lyceum Royal root were Palmitic (16:0), Oleic (18:1) and Linoleic (18:2) acids. Palmitic acid (11.73 – 32.04 %), stearic acid (1.09 – 2.66 %), oleic acid (12.01 – 39.67 %), Linoleic acid (42.59 – 47.43 %) and linolenic acid (1.70 – 5.71) were found when oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In all cases polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were greater than monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The micro and macro elements of different samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and flame photometer. The results showed that the higher mineral ion contents under investigation were found in Mansehra sample i.e. 599.12 μg /g, whereas Abbotabad had the lowest content, 242.63 μg/g. The total mineral ion contents was in the sequence of Mansehra> Kotlisattian> Bagh> Abbotabad. Calcium (Ca2+) was the highest, ranging from 456 to 187.33 μg/g and copper (Cu2+) was the lowest, ranging from 0.37 to 0.013 μg/g. Two alkaloids, berberine and palmatine were analyzed and quantified by TLC and HPLC and proton and carbon signals were detected in 1H and 13C -NMR spectra. The analysis of the NMR spectra of berberine and Palmatine revealed that the proton H-13 resonating as a singlet (H-13 of 1: δ 8.72; H-13 of 2: δ 8.81) could be used for quantification. The 1H NMR method used in this study was found to be simple, rapid and specific for the analysis of protoberberine alkaloids and required reference compound, apart from the internal standard, and an overall profile of the preparation was obtained directly. Using this method the content of protoberberine alkaloids can be determined in Berberis lyceum and other plant extracts in a shorter time than conventional method of HPLC. Bioactivity of crude extract and Berberine of B. lyceum Royal was evaluated for antimicrobial, antidiabetic and wound healing. For antimicrobial bioassay, root extracts of B. lyceum prepared in three different solvents, methanol, ethanol and aqueous and tested against different bacteria, fungi and yeast strains. Antimicrobial activities were assessed by using Disc diffusion method and Micro dilution assays. It was observed that all root extracts of Berberis lyceum were highly effective against different bacteria and fungi. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts have inhibited growth of microorganisms more effectively as compared to aqueous extract. The results obtained in present study indicates that root of B. lyceum contained some phytochemicals having antimicrobial activity and could be used for pharmaceutical industries for the development of new drugs required for human and animal health. The wound healing activities of the aqueous and methanol extracts of the root of B. lyceum were assessed using incision, excision and dead wound space models of wound repair in rats. After application of both extracts it was observed that the area of epithelialization increased, followed by an increase in wound contraction, skin breaking strength, tissue granulation, dry weight and hydroxyproline content. Histopathological studies of the granulation tissue also indicated that there was an increase in collagen formation in those rats treated with the methanol extract, compared with the control group animals. The methanol extract was more effective than the aqueous extract, but both showed significant results as compared to the control. The antidiabetic activity of the ethanol root extract of Berberis lyceum was compared with pure berberine in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats using similar doses of each. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of berberine and a whole extract of B. lyceum on blood glucose and other parameters associated with diabetes, to compare the effects of the crude extract with those of pure berberine and thus validate its use as a therapeutic agent, and finally to identify any contribution of the other components of the extract to these effects. Oral administration of 50 mg/kg of Berberis extract and berberine to normal and experimental diabetic rats produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels from days 3 –7 days of treatment. Significant effects were also observed on the glucose tolerance, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum lipid profiles and body weight of experimental animals. Berberis extract and berberine demonstrated similar effects on all parameters measured, and although the extract was comparable in efficacy to berberine, it did not produce any effects additional to those shown by pure berberine. The results support the use of the extract in traditional medicine, and demonstrate that apart from being a highly cost- effective means of treating with berberine, as compared to root extract which is cheaper, easily available to rural community and also show no or very less adverse effects as compared to pure compound (berberine).