Home > Geological, Geochemical and Remote Sensing Studies for Identification of Source Rocks for Gold in Selected Areas of Skardu and Astor, Northern, Pakistan.
Geological, Geochemical and Remote Sensing Studies for Identification of Source Rocks for Gold in Selected Areas of Skardu and Astor, Northern, Pakistan.
Gilgit-Baltistan region is covering the northern most part of Pakistan where the rocks of the Kohistan-Ladakh island arc and Karakoram plate are exposed. Detailed geological work has been done on the main lithological units of this region in regard to their mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis. However, there is a great need to explore the economic potential of the region through advanced level geochemical, spectroscopic and remote sensing techniques. The main aim of this study was to find source rocks for gold mineralization using these modern techniques in three areas of Gilgit-Baltistan region including Bubin and surrounding areas in Astor valley, Machulu, and Ranthak in Skardu area. Geologically these three areas belong to western part of Ladakh island arc. Spectral reflectance study identified all the characteristic minerals of the unaltered and sulfide bearing altered rocks through their specific absorption and reflectance features. Almost all the absorption and reflectance features of minerals are within the range of 0.35-2.35 μm of electromagnetic spectra that covers visible, near infrared (NIR) and short wave infrared (SWIR) region. Results demonstrates that most of the absorption features at 1.4 μm, 1.9 μm and 2.3 μm were caused by hydroxyl ions (OHˉ) and water (H2O) while the absorption bands between 0.4-1.0 μm were caused due to ferrous ions (Fe+2) and ferric ions (Fe+3). At 0.52 μm, 0.9 μm and between 0.4-0.6 μm are the absorption features shown by Fe+3 while at 1.1 μm the strong absorption minima is due to Fe+2 ions. Minerals olivine, anorthite, antigorite, sillimanite, jarosite, illite, serpentine and calcite were identified through their respective absorption bands of the grab unaltered rocks of Astor and Machulu area. Among the copper and lead mineralized rocks minerals malachite, chrysocolla, azurite, jarosite, limonite, hematite, goethite and montmorillonite were identified through their unique absorption features at various wavelengths. In sulfide-bearing altered rock samples minerals epidote, muscovite, albite, kaolinite, amphibole, muscovite and jarosite were identified. Besides identification of different types of minerals of unaltered rocks and sulfide bearing altered and mineralized rocks the reflectance spectroscopy study helped in selection of different absorption and reflectance bands for processing the remote sensing data. Landsat 8 and ASTER remote sensing data were used for mapping the lithological units and targeting the sulfide bearing alteration zones. ASTER Level 1B data were acquired and the log residual technique was used for calibrating the data. Various band combinations, band ratios, maximum noise fraction (MNF) and principal component analysis (PCA) techniques were applied on Landsat and ASTER data, but the most useful information were obtained by using colour composite combinations and the band ratio techniques. These two methods helped in mapping different lithological units in all the three study areas. The band ratio combinations 7/5– 6/3–4/3 and 7/5–4/3–6/3 for Landsat 8 and 4/7-4/3-2/1 for ASTER were very effective in mapping lithology. Also simple colour composite combinations like 7-5-4, 7-6-5 and 6-5-4 of Landsat 8 and 12-5-3 of ASTER remote sensing data were helpful in mapping different lithological units. Detail petrographic study was carried out for determination of mineralogical composition and different types of textures. About 110 thin sections of different rock types were studied. Petrographic study shows that the granitoids display variations in textures which are fresh in Astor area while slightly altered in Machulu area. Both hornblende and clinopyroxene bearing diorite were identified in the study areas. Serpentinized ultramafic rocks have the same mineralogical composition in Machulu and Ranthak areas. Studied volcanic rocks are slightly metamorphosed to greenschist facies. Whole rock major, trace and rare-earth elements geochemistry of 37 selected rock samples was carried out to understand the tectonic and petrogenesis of these rocks. Geochemistry data show high values of LREE, low values of HREE, depletion in Nb, negative trend of TiO2, enrichment in Sr and slope in trend from LILE to HFSE indicate calc-alkaline nature for the studied rocks that formed in subduction related island arc setting. In addition, 14 pure quartz samples were analyzed for oxygen isotope to find the source for ore fluids involved in the generation of ore minerals associated with quartz veins. This data supports that the fluids involved in the generation of hydrothermal ores is magmatic in nature. Mineralized samples and sulfide bearing altered rock samples were analyzed using ore microscopy, SEM-EDX, QEMSCAN and atomic absorption spectrophotometer techniques. Bulk sample analysis for gold, silver and base metals concentration demonstrate that almost all bulk samples have variable amounts of gold, silver and base metals. Samples from Astor area show promising results and gold concentration of up to 96 ppm was found in mineralized quartz veins. The mineralized veins are few cm to ten meters wide. These quartz veins are associated with dioritic rocks. Dominant minerals in the mineralized zone include galena, chalcopyrite, limonite, pyrite and malachite. The enrichment and depletion of different types of minerals of Bubin (Astor) area suggests that the magmatic hydrothermal fluids played a key role in copper and lead mineralization with gold concentration. Concentrations of gold, silver and base metals were much lower in samples analyzed from Machulu and Ranthak areas. Enrichment and depletion study of ore minerals in these samples show association with sulfide bearing altered zones in shear zones. Further work is recommended to evaluate economic feasibility of these sites and to locate more mineralization zones.
لوگ اسے مینٹل کیس کہہ کر بلاتے تھے۔، کیونکہ اس کا مزاج کسی سے بھی نھیں ملتا تھا۔ وہ بھیڑ میں بھی تنھا رہتا تھا۔ اس کی عادتیں عجیب تھیں۔ اس کی سوچ سماجی سانچے میں ڈھل نھیں پاتی تھی۔ اس کے خیالات بنا پروں کے پرواز رکھتے تھے۔ اس کا طرز حیات عام دنیا سے ہٹ کے تھا۔ دنیا سے باغی دماغ میں وہ انیک سوالوں کے انبار لیٸے پھرتا تھا۔ اس کی سوچوں کے سمندر میں الجھے الجھے سوالات سیپیوں کی مانند چمکتے رہتے تھے جو اسے ہمہ وقت بے سکون رکھتے تھے۔ گھر والوں نے اس کا نام تو کچھ اور ہی رکھا تھا مگر وہ خود کو آزاد کہلواتا تھا۔ یہ ہی وجہ تھی کہ وہ آزاد کے نام سے بدنام تھا کیونکہ لوگ اس کا ذکر مضحکہ خیز انداز میں کرتے تھے۔
آزاد کو بے ترتیبی سے عشق تھا جسکو وہ اپنے لیٸے آ کسیجن گردانتا تھا۔ اس کو خوف تھا کہ اگر یہ بے ترتیبی اس کی زندگی سے بیدخل ہوٸی تو اس کا کی سانسوں کی ڈور ٹوٹ جاٸیگی۔ اسی باعث آزاد کی حیات کا ہر ایک صفحہ بے ترتیب اور بکھرا ہوا تھا۔ اس کے خواب بلکل ایسے معصوم تھے جیسے پرندوں کے خواب ہوتے ہیں۔ وہ قید سے کتراتا تھا، غلامی سے اسے سخت نفرت تھی ، پابندیاں اس کو پسند نھیں تھیں .
آزاد کبھی بھی استری کئے ہوئے کپڑے نھیں پہنتا تھا ، شکن آلود کپڑے اسے زندگی کی علامت محسوس ہوتے تھے۔ وہ کبھی بالوں کو کنگھی نھیں کرتا تھا اس کے خشک اور بکھرے ہوٸے بال اس کے خیالوں کی طرح ہر قید و بند آزاد تھے۔جدید زمانے میں بھی اس کے پاس موباٸیل فون نھیں...
Issuing Fatwa is much important in the field of Islamic Theology. At least one of the contemporary famous three methodologies in the field of Fatwa for the mufti to adopt is necessary; as it leads mufti to extract ruling from the text of Holy Qur᾽ān or Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) and from what the Muslim Jurists have agreed upon. A thorough study of the book Fatāwā Ahl Ḥadīth has been conducted in this study in order to highlight the characteristics and main features which distinguish the method of the author, ‘Abdullāh Muḥaddith Rōpaṟi, a prominent scholar of his time in the main stream of Ahl e Ḥadīth, from other scholars of his time in issuing fatwa. The study approves that the author has adopted the depth has and (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy the of companions the of method understanding of the primary sources i. E. Holy Book Qur᾽ān, Sunnah and Ijmā‘, and secondary sources i. E. Qiyās and custom and vice versa and he has given best solutions to the matters posed to him at his time on the basis of textual and rational evidences which ultimately influenced people and made them to accept the author as an authority in his field.. His prominent work also tells us that he has expertise in the fields of Islamic literature, Islamic Jurisprudence, Ḥadīth and Tafsīr. Therefore, his book regarding fatwa has got admired by the scholars of the Subcontinent of all the main streams. Also in the court of Law in the country the book has been considered as a referencing book.
Due to the lack of heat transfer rate of traditional fluids like water, ethylene, kerosene oil and some others, scientists over the year have made efforts to improve the thermal properties of these traditional fluids based on the idea of nanofluids. In this manuscript, we have used different available models for thermal conductivity of nanofluids to analyze the behavior of velocity and temperature profiles. The base fluid mostly considered is water, while Copper (Cu) and the carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been utilized as the nanoparticles. thermal conductivity have been employed in particular. The flows passing through nonparallel walls, stretching sheet problems and the flow over a wedge have been keen areas of focus in the manuscript. A novel analysis for the flow of nanofluids in converging/diverging channels when the walls are stretching/shrinking has also been included. Also, the squeezing flow of nanofluids in a channel with lower stretching wall has also been studied. The influence of magnetic field on the flow and heat transfer of nanofluids is also studied. In some of the problems, Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are also considered. The radiation effects have also been included in modeling the problems using Buongiorno servations laws used to model the physical problems have been used. Employing suitable similarity transformations, the equations that govern the flow are transformed to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Some analytical as well as numerical schemes have been used for the solution purpose. The results thus obtained are compared with some of the existing ones, and the agreement between the solutions is highlighted in the form of tables. Variations in velocity, temperature and concentration profiles with respect to the parameters involved are simulated graphically with the help of different mathematical software.