عہد رسالت میں مملکت کا بنیادی تصور: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

A nation is formed by society. A society is a group of individuals, families and tribes. These together form locality which are settled into cities. Combined cities form a Nation. Islam is a way of life revealed for every individual of every nation. Our last prophet ﷺis the role model for the whole humanity. His preaching was based upon the teachings of Holy Quran meant for the welfare of society and individuals. He lays the foundation of Islamic Welfare Estate after arriving to Madina. It helps Muslims to follow the teachings of Islam with freedom. Revolutionary steps were taken for the betterment of education and health issues. The foundation was based on Islamic Ethical Values of society. He developed new and modern strategies for the defense of newly developed estate. He himself rules the estate and society as a jurist and legislator. The pact of Madina shows the institutional, internal and external rules and regulations for the newly born Islamic estate. It is also known as the first ever written pact of all the time in known history.

Joint Key Authentication Model for Situation Variant in E-Health Systems

Health of patient is important in every aspect of life. Technology has played a vital role in providing the solutions for health. Many of E-Health software have been designed to provide benefit in the field of E-Health technology. E-Health is considered to be the critical and confidential domain because the record might be misused. E-Health technologies can be considered as the effective, reasonable and result oriented framework. The designed E-Health software are mostly focusing on the areas like record keeping, diagnostic, treatment, and medication. The mentioned areas are important too but the security and privacy of the patient record is the core significant aspect. Authentication schemes are specifically designed to give user access privileges and secure patient`s confidential medical records. Many authentication schemes have been used with embedded E-Health software to give access to trained operators for the purpose of providing better cure against diseases. A large number of single and multi-factor authentication schemes are functioning but multi-factor authentication schemes are more secure than the single factor, which are unfortunately rare in use. The main objective is to propose an appropriate solution for the scheme in E-Health systems, for its formal use. The beauty of this scheme is the combination of most frequently used factors like Identity, password, smart card, mobile device and biometric characteristics of the user. The user has all these security and privacy measures along with strongly integrated factors which are contributing for the better availability and usage of the given scheme. It also takes care against different attacks like online or offline password guessing attack, stolen verifier attack, man-in-the-middle attack. Proposed scheme tested and verified by one of the trust worthy software engineering tools and techniques called formal methods and high level protocol specification language using AVISPA tool. Results guarantee the security, reliability, efficacy and effectiveness of proposed authentication scheme. For this purpose, system accessibility, user privileges would be flexible, feasible and controllable according to the prospective of application users. End users of E-Health systems could be patients, doctors, para-medical staff and administration. Due to its variety of login credentials on the basis of criticality of different users, organizations include government, semi-government and private healthcare centres develop their information security and accessibility policies according to context of socio-economic benefit. Joint authentication model for situation variant is the best choice for E-Health software.