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Gravitational Collapse in F R, T Modified Theory of Gravity

Thesis Info

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Author

Sattar, Sadia

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Sargodha

City

Sargodha

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Mathemaics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12490/1/Sadia%20Sattar_Maths_2018_UoSorgodha_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726342934

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In this thesis, we investigate gravitational collapse in f(R, T) modified theory of gravity. We focus on the study of gravitational collapse of spherically symmetric and FriedmannRobertsonWalker(FRW) metrics for both dust and perfect fluid cases. We also explore the gravitational collapse of 5D spherically symmetric spacetime in f(R, T) gravity and extend this work to N-dimensional spherically symmetric spacetimes. Furthermore, we explore the effect of electromagnetic fields on the gravitational collapse in f(R, T) modified theory of gravity. Firstly, we discuss the gravitational collapse of spherically symmetric spacetime for both dust and perfect fluid cases in f(R, T) gravity. For this purpose, we consider the spherically symmetric spacetime as the interior region and Schwarzschild metric as the exterior region. The junction conditions between the exterior and interior regions are found by matching the exterior and interior regions. The field equations are solved by taking the assumptions that the Ricci scalar as well as the trace of energy-momentum tensor are constant, for a particular f(R, T) = R + 2f(T) model. We calculate the gravitational mass of the collapsing system. Also, we discuss the apparent horizons and their time formation for different possible cases. It is shown that the term f(R0, T0) behaves as a source of repulsive force and consequently it slows the collapse of matter. We then discuss gravitational collapse in the context of f(R, T) gravity by taking FRW metric in the interior and schwarzschild background in the exterior regions of the star. We solve the field equations by taking the assumption of constant curvature and constant trace of energy-momentum tensor. We found that the terms 2λρ0−f(R0, T0) and f(R0, T0)+2λ(p0−ρ0) behave as cosmological constant for both dust and perfect fluid cases. Next, we discuss spherically symmetric perfect fluid collapse in the frame work of f(R, T ) modified theories of gravity using a five dimensional background. For this reason we consider the five dimensional spherically symmetric metric as the interior region and a five dimensional Schwarzschild metric as an exterior region. The junction conditions between the exterior and interior regions are discussed. By taking above mentioned model, the corresponding field equations are evaluated for both marginally bound L(r) = 1 and non-marginally bound L(r) 6= 1 cases. We find the apparent horizons and their time formation for different possible cases. It has been concluded that the term involving λ plays double role: it speeds up the collapse in region where ρ0 < 4p0; and it slows down the collapsing of matter when ρ0 > 4p0. Furthermore, we extend this work to the N-dimensional case and find that the collapse process becomes faster in the region ρ0 < (n + 1)p0 and slower in the region ρ0 > (n + 1)p0. Furthermore, it is noted that our results reduce to previously published results [80] found in GR for λ = 0. Finally, we analyze the effect of electromagnetic field on the gravitational collapse in f(R, T ) modified theories of gravity by taking spherically symmetric metric in the interior region and Reissner-Nordstrom ¨ metric in the exterior region. We discuss the issue of apparent horizons. We conclude that the end state of a star, in the presence of electromagnetic fields in the f(R, T ) gravity framework, is a black hole. It is shown that the collapse is slower in the region ρc < 3pc and faster in the region ρc > 3pc. Moreover, for λ = 0, our results correspond to those of GR found previously[120].
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ڈاکٹر سید فرید احمد برکاتی

ڈاکٹر سید فرید احمد برکاتی
ڈاکٹر سید فرید احمد برکاتی نے یکم جولائی ۲۰۰۷؁ء کو داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، انا ﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
ڈاکٹر صاحب کے جد امجد مولانا حکیم برکات احمد صاحب اپنے زمانے کے مشہور فاضل، یگانہ استاد اور علوم عقلیہ و حکمیہ میں سرآمد روزگار تھے، یہ بہار سے آکر ریاست ٹونک میں آباد ہوگئے تھے، ٹونک کے والی نے بڑی قدردانی کی اور اپنا خصوصی معالج مقرر کیا، علوم عقلیہ کی طرح طبابت بھی اس خانوادے کا امتیاز تھا، اس میں کئی نامور طبیب گزرے ہیں، ڈاکٹر فرید احمد کے والد بزرگوار شفاء الملک مولانا سید ظہیر احمد برکاتی بھی ایک حاذق طبیب اور ریاست کے نواب صاحب کے معالج خاص تھے۔
یادش بخیر حکیم محمد سعید بانی ہمدرد دواخانہ کراچی کے دست راست اور راقم کے مخلص کرم فرما جناب مسعود احمد برکاتی صاحب اسی خانوادے کے گوہر ناب ہیں، ڈاکٹر فرید احمد اپنی خاندانی ذہانت، علم و فضل، شرافت، ملنساری اور سخاوت کے حامل تھے، آٹھ برس کی عمر میں قرآن مجید حفظ کیا، دارالعلوم خلیلیہ نظامیہ ٹونک سے ابتدائی اور دینی تعلیم حاصل کی، علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی سے عربی میں ایم اے کیا اور اول پوزیشن حاصل کی، پھر راجستھان یونیورسٹی سے اردو میں ایم اے اور پی ایچ ڈی کیا اور یہیں تدریسی خدمات انجام دے کر ۲۰۰۲؁ء میں سبک دوش ہوئے۔
ان کا تحقیقی مقالہ ’’فرہنگ کلیات میر‘‘ ۱۹۸۸؁ء میں شائع ہوا تھا، اسی زمانے میں پورے ملک میں مولانا ابوالکلام آزاد صدی تقریبات منائی جارہی تھیں، راجستھان یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو فارسی میں بھی مولانا پر سمینار ہوا تھا، اس میں شرکت کے لیے گیا تو ڈاکٹر فرید صاحب سے ملاقات ہوئی اور انہوں نے اپنی کتاب معارف میں تبصرے کے لیے عنایت کی، اس سے ان کی محنت اور لغت میں مہارت...

مستوى الالتزام التنظيمي لدى مُعلمي مدارس التعليم الأساسي بمحافظة البريمي في سلطنة عمان

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى التعرف على مستوى الالتزام التنظيمي لدى مُعلمي مدارس التعليم الأساسي بمحافظة البريمي في سلطنة عمان، واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي، كما استخدمت الاستبانة في جمع البيانات والمعلومات وتم تطبيقها على عينة مكونة من (369) معلماً ومعلمة. وتوصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن أن مستوى الالتزام التنظيمي لدى معلمي مدارس التعليم الأساسي بمحافظة البريمي في سلطنة عمان جاء عالياً بصورة إجمالية، كما جاء عالياً في جميع الأبعاد وهي: الالتزام المعياري، والعاطفي، والاستمراري، وأوضحت النتائج أيضاً عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى الدلالة (α ≤ 0.05 ) في استجابات عينة الدراسة من المعلمين لمستوى التزامهم بمدارس التعليم الأساسي بمحافظة البريمي في سلطنة عمان تُعزى لمتغيرات الجنس، والمؤهل العلمي، وسنوات الخبرة، والمسمى الوظيفي.

Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan and the Role of Judiciary 1977-1999

This thesis examines civil-military relations in Pakistan and the role played by the judiciary whenever bitterness occurs in their relations. The study begins from 1977 when the state was placed under martial law despite constitutional safeguards against such moves. All arbitrary attacks on the elected government, either through a direct military takeover or through the president who was bestowed with sweeping powers under constitutional amendment of Zia era, have also proved fatal for judiciary despite the court’s willingness to support the takeover. The independence of judiciary was assaulted by employing different tactics such as by appointing likeminded judges, setting up of a separate hierarchy of courts and bringing amendments to the constitution for curtailing its jurisdiction. Both General Zia and General Musharraf asked the judges to take fresh vote of their offices under a special order and the refusal of which culminated into the latter’s forced retirement. The military would then put in place a coalition set up consisting of politicians, business elites and local bodies representatives … all willing to support the military junta. Reference may be made to the political set up based on a power sharing formula which General Ziaul Haq brought to the force in March 1985. The basis of this power sharing arrangement was the erstwhile Eighth Constitutional Amendment passed by a rubber stamp parliament in 1985. Through this amendment, the military had chalked out a parameter within which the civilian set up was to operate. The 8th Amendment had a devastating effect particularly its Article 58(2)(b). General Ziaul Haq’s removal of Muhammad Khan Junejo from office was under this Article. When the arbitrary action was challenged, the Supreme Court sided with the General even though the latter was in the next world at the time of Court judgement. Though the military rule ended in August 1988, it left behind a new pattern of civil-military relations under the 8th Constitutional Amendment, wherein Article 58(2)(b) served as a safety valve against direct military intervention. In the post Ziaul Haq era, the military opted to exercise an indirect influence on the fate of a setting elected government. The successive elected governments faced legitimacy crisis in 1990s and their attempt to assert authority would be foiled because of the agenda set - forth for them by the military in mid 1980s. There are instances to suggest that the military commanders and the President of Pakistan had acted in unanimity for dislodging three civilian governments one after another in 1990, 1993 and 1996. The arbitrary action of both Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari as presidents, were not entirely free of military influence. To keep their hold over national politics, the military adopted a two-fold strategy i.e., get a political set-up dismantled through the exercise of power under 58(2)(b) by the president and, alternatively, to topple the government directly as was the case in October 1999. On each occasion of arbitrary action for a governmental change - either through a military takeover or the presidential power under the constitution, the judiciary was found willing to validate the action based on one or another doctrine.