Contamination of soils by heavy metals is of widespread occurrence as a result of human activities. Among heavy metals, lead (Pb) is a potential pollutant that accumulates in soils, water, crops and atmosphere. Lead is not required for any known biological function but it is absorbed by crop plants and gets way into human food chain. There are few examples of genetic differences being exploited to produce low Pb containing rice through decreased metal uptake in Pb-contaminated areas. In normal and salt-affected soils, a very few efforts had been previously done to explore the growth and physiological responses of rice to Pb and inorganic amendments including calcium (Ca), sulphur (S) or phosphorous (P) based compounds. For these reasons, a research project with a series of experiments was carried out at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan and at Ghent University, Belgium. The first study was carried out to evaluate the variations among fourteen rice genotypes for Pb tolerance, accumulation and translocation in hydroponics, at different applied Pb salts i.e., PbCl2, PbSO4 and Pb(NO3)2 with their increasing application rates (0, 100 and 200 μM). The results showed that the Pb bioavailability/phyto-toxicity to rice was greater when Pb was applied as Pb(NO3)2 followed by PbCl2 and PbSO4. It was evident that Shaheen basmati and KS-282 rice varieties can be a wise choice in low to moderately Pbcontaminated areas for safe rice production. The second study was undertaken to investigate the effect of foliar applied Pb at 25 mg L-1 as PbCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 along with an uncontaminated control, for Pb tolerance, accumulation and translocation of rice genotypes. The results showed that the rice varieties had significant variations for Pb tolerance, absorption and translocation. Shaheen basmati and KS-282 rice varieties were proved to be Pb-tolerant. The foliar application of Pb(NO3)2 had more devastating effect than PbCl2. Salinity and heavy metals (e.g., Pb) can occur simultaneously in soil and water. Therefore, the differential growth and physiological responses of two rice varieties (Shaheen basmati and KS-282) were evaluated in normal and salt-affected Pb-contaminated soils in a pot study. The results showed that growth, yield and physiological indices of rice decreased with increasing rates of Pb (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg-1 soil) in both rice varieties in normal and salt-affected soils. The Pb concentration, uptake and translocation in rice increased with a gradual increase in soil applied Pb. At a certain defined rate of Pb (0, 50, 100 or 150 mg kgxxiii 1 soil), the concentration, uptake and translocation of Pb in rice straw and paddy was found significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in salt-affected soil than normal soil. The higher growth, yield, physiological features, lower Pb concentration, uptake and translocation were found in Shaheen basmati than KS-282, at all rates of applied Pb, in both types of soils. Chemical immobilization of Pb with soil-applied inorganic amendments seems very important for Pb-contaminated soils. A pot study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of inorganic amendments at different rates of application for the immobilization/remediation of Pb in normal and salt-affected soils. There were three amendments with different rates viz. gypsum (3, 6 and 9 me Ca 100g-1 soil), rock phosphate i.e., RP (3, 6 and 9 me Ca/P 100g-1 soil) and di-ammonium phosphate i.e., DAP (20 and 40 % higher P than the recommended P as DAP fertilizer). Shaheen basmati was grown in spiked soil with Pb at 100 mg kg-1. The results showed that the reduction in rice growth, yield and physiological attributes were more pronounced in salt-affected Pb-contaminated soil than normal Pb-contaminated soil. The decrease in rice growth, yield and physiological features were counteracted by the applied gypsum, RP and DAP amendments. Gypsum application at 9 me Ca 100g-1 soil was proved the most efficient in improving rice growth and yield, and reducing Pb concentration, accumulation and translocation in the normal and salt-affected Pb-contaminated soils. Total heavy metal contents provide little information on the bioavailability of the heavy metals. Understanding the mobility of Pb in the soil and its chemical speciation in the soil solution is of great importance for accurately assessing environmental risks posed by Pb. Therefore, an incubation study was conducted to explore the effect of amendments (gypsum, RP and DAP) under different soil moisture regimes i.e., flooding regime (FR) and 75 % field capacity (FC) and incubation time on Pb mobility and chemical speciation in normal and saltaffected Pb-contaminated paddy soils. The results showed that after 110 days of incubation, the concentration of Pb in pore water was more in soils at 75 % FC than FR. Gypsum remained more effective in reducing Pb bioavailability followed by DAP and RP. After 2 and 30 days of applied treatments, Pb species were estimated by using geochemical modeling software Visual MINTEQ version 3.0. Among these species, free Pb2+ was found more in Pb-contaminated soils, while PbCl+ was pronounced in salt-affected soils. Whereas, gypsum increased Pb(SO4)2 2-, while DAP and RP enhanced the PbH2PO4 + species formation and decreased free Pb2+ in pore water, thereby reduced the availability of Pb.
المؔ مظفر نگری افسوس ہے کہ شاعر بُرہان جناب الم مظفر نگری گزشتہ ۲۹؍مئی کو ہمیشہ کے لیے رخصت ہوگئے،مرحوم کوبُرہان سے جوتعلق ِخاص تھا اُس کااندازہ اس آخری خط سے ہوتا ہے جواُنھوں نے ایک غزل کے ساتھ ۲۶؍اپریل کوتحریر فرمایا تھا۔ اب المؔ صاحب جیسے مخلص،سادہ مزاج ،پختہ کلام، باکمال ادیب وشاعر کو آنکھیں ڈھونڈتی ہی رہیں گی،بطور تبرک غزل کے ساتھ مرحوم کاآخری خط بھی شائع کیاجارہا ہے۔ [ع، جون ۱۹۶۹ء] خط ۲۴ فردوس منزل، مظفر نگر 24/4/69 مولانا آداب۔ اگرچہ مضمحل ہوں مگر ابھی زندہ ہوں۔آپ نے مجھے مُردوں میں شمار کرلیا میری کئی غزلیں آپ کے دفتر میں ہیں مگر کئی ماہ سے برہان میں ایک بھی غزل نہیں چھاپی گئی۔ آج ایک تازہ اور غیر مطبوعہ غزل پیش کررہا ہوں ماہ اپریل کے برہان میں لگوادیجیے۔ جب تک لکھنے کا یارا باقی ہے ضرور آپ کی خدمت کرتا رہوں گا۔ غالبؔ و ذوقؔ کے سہروں کا موازنہ نظرِ اقدس سے گزرا ہوگا یہ الجمعیۃ میں چھپا تھا سچ کہیے ایسا مضمون غالبؔ کی صدسالہ برسی پر کسی اور نے بھی لکھا یا نہیں اور حضرات نے اچھے اچھے مضامین لکھے لیکن وہ زیادہ تر سیاسی تھے، ایک ادیب اور مکمل شاعر کو ایسی باتوں سے بھلا کیا واسطہ اس کا کمال تو ادب و شعر تک محدود ہے۔ حکیم صاحب سے سلام کہیے اور غزل کاتب کو لکھنے کے لیے دے دیجیے۔ نیاز کیش المؔ مظفر نگری
الإصلاح عملية تقتضي مقاربة شمولية من حيث مدلولها، يلتقي فيها الجانب النظري بالتطبيقي، مع وضوح في الرؤية والمنهج، ذلك أنه يأخذ بعين الإعتبار الوضع القائم والإنطلاق منه بتثيت الصالح فيه، وتقويم ما اندرس للإنتقال به إلى وضع جديد أفضل. ومن هنا تأتي هذه الورقة العلمية لتسليط الضوء على فكر وعطاء العلامة بديع الزمان النورسي، قصد الإلمام بحيثيات مشروعه الإصلاحي، ودراسة أثره الممتد إن على المستوى الفكري أو السياسي أو الحضاري، فقد عَبَرَ النورسي بأفكاره ومُعطياته حدود الزمان والمكان، وشكّل منعطفاً حضارياً هاماً في معالجاته الشمولية لمفاهيم هذا الدين العظيم، وفي تقديمه لمشاريع إصلاحية رائدة يحتاج إليها المصلحون، وعليه لا تزال الحاجة إلى دارسات معمقة ومتتابعة ومن جوانب متعددة، لمشروعه الإصلاحي ، للإرشاد في محاولة الرقي والإستئناف الحضاري.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الإمام النورسي، التجديد، الإصلاح، المنهج الإصلاحي.
Skin is a highly specialized organ system of human body. It is the exterior most part of our body and acts as a boundary between the organs inside the body and environment, facing the external stresses. Genodermatosis is a term used for a congenital skin disease for which the genetic cause is determined. Genodermatoses possessing skin phenotypes without systemic manifestations are excellent models for genetic research because disorders of skin and its appendages make more than one third part of all monogenic diseases. Autozygosity mapping is a powerful statistical technique used for the identification of genes causing recessive disorders in human consanguineous families. In a country like Pakistan, consanguinity or inbreeding is a very common incident due to highly conserved ethnic groups, separated by customs, cultural and geographical barriers. Such population, with high consanguinity in families, experiences rare recessive disorders, which are more likely to be caused by identical-by-descent (IBD) mutations. In the present investigation 11 families (A-K) segregating autosomal recessive disorders of skin or its appendages were ascertained. Ten of these families were identified in the remote areas of Pakistan and one was provided by collaborators from Islamic Republic of Iran. In family A, affected individuals showed characteristic clinical features of cutis laxa syndrome having generalized skin laxity, progeroid appearance, facial anomalies with hypertelorism, sagging cheeks, broaden nasal bridge and hiatal hernia. Human genome scan using 534 microsatellite markers revealed a common homozygous region of 14.6 Mb, flanked by markers D9S1862 and D9S167, on chromosome 9q13-21.32 in the affected individuals of the family. Maximum multipoint LOD of > 3.0 was obtained at recombination fraction zero with several markers on chromosome 9q13-q21.32. Sequencing of the eight selected putative candidate genes (PRKACG, TJP2, ALDH1A1, RFK, GCNT1, GNAQ, PSAT1, CHCHD9) did not reveal any functional sequence variant and therefore their involvement in causing cutis laxa syndrome phenotype at the present novel locus is not supported. In family B, affected individuals showed clinical features of autosomal recessive hypotrichosis (LAH1). The disease equally affected both males and females with sparse Genetic Mapping of Genes Underlying Human Skin Disorders XVII Abstract hair on scalp, sparse to absent eyebrows and eyelashes, and sparse hair on rest of the body. Genotyping data showed linkage of the family to DSG4 gene on chromosome 18q12. Sequence analysis of DSG4 gene revealed a previously reported large intragenic homozygous deletion mutation (Ex5_8del) in all the affected individuals. In family C, affected individuals showed clinical features of autosomal recessive hypotrichosis (LAH2). The patients showed thin fragile hair on scalp, sparse to absent eyebrows and eyelashes, and sparse hair on rest of the body. Genotyping data showed linkage of the family to LIPH gene on chromosome 3q27. Sequence analysis of LIPH gene revealed a novel homozygous two base pairs deletion mutation (c.659_660delTA, p.Ile220ArgfsX25) in all the affected individuals. Three families (D, E, F) showed clinical features of autosomal recessive hypotrichosis (LAH3). All the affected individuals presented an equal intensity of the disease with sparse thin fragile hair on scalp, sparse to absent eyebrows and eyelashes, and arrested hair follicle growth. Genotyping data showed linkage of the families to P2RY5 gene on chromosome 13q14.11-q23.21. Sequence analysis of the P2RY5 gene revealed three novel homozygous mutations including an insertion (c.160insA, p.Thr54AsnfsX5) in family D, and missense (c.436G>A, p.Gly146Arg) in family E and (c.830C>T, p.Lue277Pro) in family F. Two families (G, H) showed clinical features of atrichia with papular lesions. Patients in these families showed complete hair loss of scalp, absent eyebrows and eyelashes, loss of axillary and pubic hair. Genotyping results showed linkage of the two families to human hairless gene (HR) located on chromosome 8p21.3. In family G, sequence analysis revealed a novel sequence variant involving three base pairs homozygous deletion (c.1839-1841delATG, p.Cys614del) in exon 6 of the HR gene in all the affected individuals. In family H, sequence analysis of HR gene failed to detect any functional sequence variant. In family I, affected individuals exhibited characteristic features of alopecia with mental retardation syndrome. Complete loss of scalp hair and, absent eyebrows and eyelashes were observed in the affected individuals. Both the affected individuals were mentally retarded and attending school for special education. Genotyping data showed linkage of the family to APMR1 locus on chromosome 3q26.33-q27.3. The region of homozygousity spanning 11.39 cM (6 Mb) flanked by markers D3S1232 and D3S3686 contains several Genetic Mapping of Genes Underlying Human Skin Disorders XVIII Abstract genes. To search for potential sequence variants, coding exons and splice junction sites of the three genes (LIPH, AADACL1, AHSG) were sequenced in two affected individuals of the family. Sequence analysis of the three genes failed to identify any functional sequence variant, which could be responsible for the disease phenotype. In family J, the patients exhibited hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy phenotype. The scalp hairs were fine and curly that could easily be pulled out. Eyebrows and eyelashes, pelvic and pubic hair showed normal growth. Fundus examination of the patients disclosed Electrophysiological marked tests degeneration including of the macular electroretinography pigment showed epithelium. severe retinal dysfunction. Sequence analysis of CDH3 gene at chromosome 16q22.1 revealed a novel homozygous splice-acceptor site mutation (IVS10-1G>T) in affected individuals of the family. In family K, affected individuals showed clinical features of ectodermal dysplasia cutaneous syndactyly (EDCS) syndrome. The patients exhibited hypotrichosis with sparse hair on scalp, and sparse to absent eyebrows and eyelashes. Conical and cylindrical shaped teeth with ill-defined surface morphology. Hypoplastic nails, mild keratoderma over the palms and soles and bilateral cutaneous syndactyly of 3-4 digit of hand and 2-3 toe-digit was observed in all patients. Human genome scan mapped the disease locus to chromosome 1q23.1-q23.3. This region corresponds to 5.63 Mb according to the sequenced based physical map (Build 36.2) of the human genome and flanked by markers D1S1653 and D1S1677. A maximum two-point LOD score of 5.05 was obtained with marker D1S484. Sequence analysis revealed a homozygous missense mutation (c.635C>G; p.Pro212Arg) in the recently reported PVRL4 gene causing ectodermal- dysplasia-syndactyly syndrome (EDSS). The data presented here has been published in the following articles. 1 Jelani M, Wasif N, Ali G, Chishti M, Ahmad W (2008) A novel deletion mutation in LIPH gene causes autosomal recessive hypotrichosis (LAH2). Clinical Genetics 74: 184-188 2 Azeem Z, Jelani M, Naz G, Tariq M, Wasif N, Naqvi SK, Ayub M, Yasinzai M, Amin-Ud-Din M, Wali A, Ali G, Chishti MS, Ahmad W (2008) Novel mutations in G Genetic Mapping of Genes Underlying Human Skin Disorders protein-coupled receptor gene (P2RY5) in families with autosomal recessive hypotrichosis (LAH3). Human Genetics 123: 515-915 3 Jelani M, Salman Chishti M, Ahmad W (2009) A novel splice-site mutation in the CDH3 gene in hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 34: 68-73 4 Balighi K, Lajevardi V, Moeineddin F, Jelani M, Tamizifar B, Nikoo A, Javed Q, Ahmad W, Parvaneh N (2009) A novel deletion mutation in the human hairless (HR) gene in an Iranian family with atrichia and papular lesions. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 34: e498-500 5 Tariq M, Ayub M, Jelani M, Basit S, Naz G, Wasif N, Raza SI, Naveed AK, ullah Khan S, Azeem Z, Yasinzai M, Wali A, Ali G, Chishti MS, Ahmad W (2009) Mutations in the P2RY5 gene underlie autosomal recessive hypotrichosis in 13 Pakistani families. British Journal of Dermatology 160: 1006-1010 6 Jelani M, Tariq M, Jan IA, Ullah H, Naeem M, Ahmad W (2011) Congenital cutis laxa syndrome maps to a novel locus on chromosome 9q13-q21.32. Journal of Dermatological Science 61:134-136 7 Jelani M, Chishti MS, Ahmad W (2011) Mutation in PVRL4 gene encoding Nectin-4 underlies Ectodermal-dysplasia-cutaneous-syndactyly (EDCS) syndrome. (Accepted to Journal of Human Genetics)" xml:lang="en_US