Presently many chemicals have been identified that produce ethylene in the air of soil. Calcium carbide (CaC 2 ) is one of them and is being considered well known source of ethylene (C 2 H 4 ). The C 2 H 4 released from CaC 2 is not thoroughly investigated particularly for production of vegetables with improved quality. Laboratory, pot and field studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of calcium carbide on tomato seed germination, growth, yield, photosynthesis and quality parameters. The first experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions to assess the best rate of calcium carbide for seed germination, root and shoot growth rate of five different tomato cultivars. It was found that application of CaC 2 @ 15 mg per Petri plate was the best among all rates that improved seed germination, root and shoot growth. Tomato cultivars performed better were selected for the next experiment. The three selected cultivars were grown in compost medium containing three different rates of calcium carbide with different five coatings in growth room under controlled conditions. Results showed that CaC 2 at the rate of 200 mg cup -1 with polyethylene, paint and paraffin coatings performed relatively better. In the 3rd experiment best selected calcium carbide based formulations in three different rates were further compared in the presence of recommended fertilizers in a pot study. Thus comparison included their effect on tomato growth, yield, photosynthetic activity and quality parameters. Data on plant height, number of flower per plant and proportion to fruit drop, yield of tomato fruit, root and shoot dry weight, and nitrogen uptake clearly showed positive effect of CaC 2 in the presence of fertilizer on all stages of growth of tomato compared to control (fertilizer only). One further pot experiment was conducted to know the best rate and time of application of formulated calcium carbide in the presence of recommended fertilizer. Results obtained were compared with those obtained from control treatment (containing fertilizer only). It is evident from the results that CaC 2 applied 2 weeks after transplanting performed better among all rates and times of application in improving almost all growth and yield parameters of tomato. Based upon the results from laboratory and pot trials, field experiment was conducted to verify the results obtained from previous experiments. In this field experiment, effect of different rates of coated CaC 2 was investigated on two best performing cultivars selected from previous experiment. The results showed that application of CaC 2 at the rate of 200 mg plant -1 not only improved growth and yield parameters of both tomato cultivars but also enhanced N uptake by different plant parts and improved nitrogen use efficiency. Overall results suggest that addition of calcium carbide along with recommended doses of fertilizers improved fruit yield more than 40 % by improving yield contributing parameters and N use efficiency. Furthermore, quality parameters related to physical appearance and chemical composition of tomato fruits were also improved by the application of CaC 2. These parameters are very much required for improvement in shelf life and processing of tomato products. In the nutshell, results confirm the growth regulator role of CaC 2 in improving the growth, yield and quality of tomato.
"یہ راستہ آگے چل کر چشمے کی طرف نکلتا ہے " راہگیر یہ کہ کر آگے بڑھ گیا. میں شش و پنج میں مبتلا اسے جاتے ہوئے دیکھتا رہا پھر آہستہ آہستہ رستے پر گامزن ہو گیا. اس نے کہا تھا کہ. تھوڑے فاصلے پر چشمہ ہے اور چشمے کا نام و نشان دکھائی نہیں دیتا تھا. میں تھکن, پژ مردگی اور مایوسی سے پہلے ہر حال میں چشمے تک پہنچنا چاہتا تھا. پختہ سڑک کے بعد یہ راستہ زائرین کو پیدل طے کرنا پڑتا تھا. آخر کار چشمہ آ گیا . میں نے پانی پیا اور وہیں زمین پر بیٹھ گیا. اُس نے مجھے یہاں تک آنے کے لیے کہا تھا, اس کے بعد مزار تک پہنچنے کا فاصلہ مجھے اس کے ساتھ طے کرنا تھا. وہ میرے بعد چشمے پر پہنچا اور آتے ہی بولا " آؤ چلیں " ہم چل پڑے اور راستے میں باتیں کرتے رہے. ایک طویل فاصلہ طے کرنے کے بعد اس نے دور سے مزار کی طرف اشارہ کیا اور پھر نا معلوم منزل کی جانب گامزن ہو گیا۔ میں مزار کی طرف بڑھنے لگا ۔ جلد ہی مجھے احساس ہو گیا۔ میں جتنا مزار کے قریب جاتا ہوں ۔ مزار اتنا ہی مجھ سے دور ہو جاتا ہے ۔ میں نے تیز بھاگنے کی کوشش کی اور میرا سانس پھول گیا. میرے پاؤں بوجھل ہونے لگے اور میں حسرت و یاس کے عالم میں مزار کی طرف دیکھتا رہا. مجھے معلوم ہو گیا کہ مجھے باریابی کی اجازت نہیں ہے. میں اپنے بعد آنے والوں کو مزار کی سمت جاتے دیکھتا ہوں۔ سب مجھے حیرت سے دیکھ کر گزر جاتے ہیں۔ میں خستہ حال اور تہی دست ایک عمر سے وہاں پر رکا ہوا ہوں.
There are many beliefs in the sects that are common, while the differences are very small and minor. The differences are usually of a sectarian, ijtihad and preferential nature. But the false powers are using these sectarian differences to spread extremist thinking, which is a poison for the Muslim Ummah.
Closeness is essential for the survival of the Muslim faith. This unity should not be temporary but should be a message of intellectual and spiritual, material well-being, spiritual maturity and evolution of mental development and unity should be universal. No matter how much the two groups disagree, there are many commonalities. It is important for convergent beliefs to cultivate commonalities rather than divisive ones. So that the atmosphere of hatred is reduced and an atmosphere of unity is created.
The history of Islam bears witness to the fact that the Imams, jurists, narrators and commentators have differed on a number of issues. Despite this difference, love, goodwill, brotherhood and unity prevailed. For such interfaith tolerance and harmony, mutual respect is also necessary.
Key words: Convergence of beliefs, Unity and solidarity, Interdisciplinary, Shared, Sub-differences, Universal
The main focus of this study is whether the original version of the prediction models are the best proxy for evaluating the firm’s status as going concern that are operated in creditor-oriented regime. This study is much more precise for the selection of firm as an analysis sample to formulate the prediction model for the firm that are operated in the creditor-oriented regime. The selection is based on such type of firms, whose: a) continuous financial years net losses, b) the external and independent auditors issue the non-going concern opinion of the audited client, and c) all the operations of firms are liquidated. The analysis sample consist of one hundred and twenty-four (124) non-financial firms. In first stage, the validity of the original version of the existing firm’s bankruptcy prediction models, like Altman (1968) and Rashid and Abbas (2011); the original version of the existing going concern prediction models, like Koh and Killough (1990), and Koh (1991); and the original version of the existing liquidation prediction models, like Kuruppur, Laswad and Oyelere (2003) are examined. In second stage these aforesaid models are re-estimated (or updated) and the revised prediction models are formulated for the firms that are operated in creditor regime. In third stage, this study formulated the prediction models by using the MDA and LR techniques to deal with the issues faced by the auditor for evaluating the firm’s status as going concern. The type I error and type II error of the formulated prediction models for evaluating the firm’s status as going concern is less than the type I error and type II error of the existing firm’s prediction models, re-estimated (or updated) version of the existing firm’s prediction models and new prediction models based on the pool of variables. The proposed prediction models are considered as the best alternative for evaluating the firm’s status as going concern. The finding based on five (5) discriminatory ratios that are the part of statement of profit and loss, and the statement of financial positions, the newly formulated prediction models, consist of accounting ratios, is not only a useful tool for accessing the firm’s status as going concern, but also a supportive tool for accessing the firm’s financial fraud risk, for the external and independent auditors in order to construct their opinion for a firm that is operated in the creditor-oriented regime. Implication that emerge from these results has developed the instrument which will be highly recognized by the accounting and auditing practitioners like the auditors of developed economies. Therefore, the regulatory authorities in Pakistan, like SECP, SBP and PSX; and the audit practitioner institutes, like ICAP, and ICMAP, to use these formulated the prediction models for evaluating the firm’s status as going concern that are operated in creditor-oriented regime. The proposed models would also be helpful in monitoring and assessing the financial health of the firms as well.