This project is aimed to deposit magnetic thin films by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique. A KrF Excimer laser (248 nm, 20 ns) operated at 20 Hz was used as an energy source for the deposition. Films are deposited under various deposition conditions, like substrate temperature, oxygen pressure, post annealing and applied external magnetic field depending upon the target material characteristics. On the basis of the structure the deposited films are classified as cubic spinel ferrites (NiFe 2 O 4 and ZnMnZrFeO), Hexaferrite (BaFe 12 O 19 ) and Alloy (NdFeCo). NiFe 2 O 4 thin films (cubic spinel ferrites) show that the monotonic increase in saturation magnetization and non-monotonic increase in electrical conductivity depends on the oxygen partial pressure during the growth of the thin films. Another spinel cubic ferrite Zn 0.2 Mn 0.81 Zr 0.01 Fe 1.98 O 4 and Zn 0.2 Mn 0.83 Zr 0.03 Fe 1.94 O 4 thin films with different concentration of Mn and Zr were deposited on single crystal n-Si (400) at room temperature (RT). The films are also deposited under external magnetic filed.The results reveal the effect of external applied magnetic field on the growth of films in terms of small particle size, improved uniformity, lower r.m.s. roughness, higher magnetization and increased thickness. The reflection of Zn 0.2 Mn 0.83 Zr 0.03 Fe 1.94 O 4 thin films are higher than Zn 0.2 Mn 0.81 Zr 0.01 Fe 1.98 O 4 thin films due to the greater concentration of Zr. The band gap energy E g decreases with increase in film thickness. In the case of Hexaferrites, the low substrate temperatures (room temperature to 200 o C) restrict the formation of larger grains. Whereas, for the higher substrate temperature i.e, 400 o C, the grain size of the deposited thin film are much larger. The substrate temperature caused the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. The higher values of coercivity, squareness and films thickness are associated with the growth of larger grains at higher substrate temperature. For the films deposited under applied magnetic field, the saturation magnetization increases monotonically as the applied field value increases during deposition. Band gap energy (Eg) increases with increasing thickness. With the application of external magnetic field, the magnetic and optical properties of the thin films are significantly enhanced. Rare earth transition metal doped (NdFeCo) thin films (Alloy) were fabricated on Si substrate keeping the substrate temperature constant at 300 o C. Thin films were deposited without and under the influence of various transverse applied magnetic field. All the films exhibit perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The thickness of the film increases monotonically whereas the saturation magnetization and optical band gap eneggy increases non- monotonically. The maximum value of Ms and Eg are found when the applied magnetic field value is 4.5 KOe. Magnetic, optical and structural properties of the ferrite thin films (cubic, hexa-ferrites and alloy) are strongly influenced by the deposition conditions. The optimization of the deposition conditions can play an important role to replace the thin films with the bulk material.
علم بڑی دولت ہے نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم قُلْ ھَلْ یَسْتَوِی الَّذِیْنَ یَعْلَمُوْنَ وَالَّذِیْنَ لَا یَعْلَمُوْن۔صَدَقَ اللہ الْعَظِیْم صاحب صدر معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر تقریر کرنے کا موقع فراہم کیا گیا ہے وہ ہے:’’علم بڑی دولت ہے‘‘ صدرِذی وقار! انسان حسن و جمال میں ایک دوسرے کے برابر ہوسکتا ہے، رنگ و روپ میں ایک دوسرے کے برابرہوسکتا ہے۔ قد کاٹھ میں ایک دوسرے کے برابر ہو سکتا ہے، گفتار ورفتار میں ایک دوسرے کی برابری کر سکتا ہے تحریرو تقریر میں یکسانیت کا امکان ہے، مال و دولت میں ہم پلہ ہوسکتا ہے، سونے چاندی کے ڈھیر کے پیما نے برابر ہو سکتے ہیں، قوت وسطوت میں برابری ہوسکتی ہے لیکن علم ایک ایسی دولت ہے جس میں جاہل اور عالم برابر نہیں ہو سکتے جس کے ترازوکا پلڑاعلم کے وزن سے بھاری ہو جاتا ہے پھر دنیا کی کوئی شے اس کا مقابلہ نہیں کر سکتی اس کے پلڑے کو اُوپر اٹھانا تو در کنار اس کی برابری کا تصور تک نہیں کر سکتا۔ معزز سامعین! یہ صرف میں نہیں کہہ رہا کہ علم بڑی دولت ہے، بلکہ تاریخ اسلام کی نامور ہستیوں نے کہا۔ صالحین نے کہا کہ علم بڑی دولت ہے، متقین نے کہا کہ علم بڑی دولت ہے، اولیاء نے کہا کہ علم بڑی دولت ہے، ابدال نے کہا کہ علم بڑی دولت ہے، قطب نے کہا کہ علم بڑی دولت ہے، غوث نے ہزاروں کے مجمعے میں پیغامِ تو حید پہنچا کر کہا کہ علم بڑی دولت ہے،حضرت بلال ص نے اپنے آپ کوتپتی ر یت پر لٹا کر کہا کہ علم بڑی دولت ہے، خبیبص نے خود کوسولی پر چڑھا کر کہا کہ علم بڑی دولت...
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was interested in history and history-writing. His areas of interest were Islamic and South Asian history. In this essay, we examine certain relevant facets of this interest and its manifestation. There are a vast number of studies on the life, achievements and goals of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan [1817-1898]. His essays have been collected from his journalism in 18 volumes by Muhammad Ismail Panipati1 and his other writings, lectures and letters have also received editorial attention. A useful tool in this regard is the compilation titled Kitabiyat-i-Sir Syed made by Ziauddin Lahori.2 As this paper focuses on Sir Syed’s historical writings, we may mention here a recent doctoral thesis of Syeda Jabin Zehra on this very topic.3 As a matter of fact, any and all of Sir Syed’s writings be they on education or religion now come under the ambit of history but our narrower focus will be on those writings that deal with history as history alone though they may also admit of other classifications.
Teacher Education plays a vital role in the development of quality education and implementing the change process at classroom level. The Primary Education Directorate, Government of Balochistan, with the cooperation of the Aga Khan University, Institute for Educational Development has implemented the Primary Teacher Mentoring Program (PTMP) in eighteen districts of Balochistan. It is a new initiative in primary teacher education by the Government of Balochistan. This investigation is a qualitative case study focusing on the impact of the mentoring process on primary teachers' professional development in the District Lasbella, Balochistan. In this study the major sources for data collection were interviews, observations, informal talks, and documentation reviews. The obtained data has been analyzed and it has been found that the PTMP is a needs-oriented and indigenous model of mentoring process in which limited resources and contextual situation have been considered. It provides a built-in mechanism of on-going professional development support to the teachers. It is a cluster-based support, where 30-40 teachers of the cluster along with a mentor gather for two days in a month and discuss their classroom & school related teaching learning issues & concerns and sort them out. The mentoring process seems to have created a collaborative learning environment, which has reduced isolated teachers' culture, enhanced their content and pedagogical knowledge and developed teachers as reflective practitioners. Certain challenges are associated with the PTMP, which affect the performance of mentors and mentees and consequently impinge negatively upon overall achievement of the PTMP. These challenges are weak organizational / physical infrastructure & resource constraints, workload of Teaching Learning Resource Team (TLRT), weak feedback and monitoring system, limited school-based follow-up & support, non-cooperation of some district officials & headteachers, and rigid government rules and regulations. However, there are certain possibilities within the program design that may overcome some above-mentioned difficulties in near future. These are: (a) decentralization policy of the PTMP; (b) PED will be in a position to put more time and energy in the consolidation of the program in the year 2000; and (c) more PDTs may join the PED to enhance its institutional capacity building.