اے۔ ڈی اظہر(۱۹۰۰۔۱۹۷۴ء) کا اصل نام احمد دین ہے۔ لیکن اے۔ ڈی اظہر کے نام سے ادب کی دنیا میں شہرت پائی۔ آپ سیالکوٹ کے ایک چھوٹے گاؤں ڈگرخورد میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ اردو کے ممتاز شاعر ‘ ادیب اور ماہرِ لسانیات تھے۔ آپ ملٹری اکاؤنٹس میں اعلی سرکاری افسر‘ سفارتکار‘ وزیر اقتصادیات‘ رکن قومی ترانہ انتخاب کمیٹی اور ہائی کمشنر آسٹریلیاجیسے عہدوں پر فائز رہے۔ اظہر کے والد ڈی۔ جی پاکستان ٹیلی ویژن رہے۔ اظہر شروع میں شاعری سے زیادہ صرف و نحو میں دلچسپی رکھتے تھے۔ عربی‘ فارسی اور کلاسیکی ادب پر اظہر کی وسیع نظر تھی۔ آپ اردو زبان سے دلی محبت‘ فکری مسائل و تحقیقی مہمات سے گہرا شغف اور پنجاب کی زندگی اور روایات سے والہانہ عشق رکھتے تھے۔ (۳۰۴)
اظہر کے تین شعری مجموعے ’’لذتِ آوارگی‘‘ ’’گریۂ پنہاں‘‘ اور ’’احوال واقعی‘‘ شائع ہو چکے ہیں لیکن انہیں ’’لذتِ آوارگی‘‘ کی وجہ سے شہرتِ دوام ملی ۔حفیظ جالندھری اظہر کے ادبی استاد اور دوست تھے۔ وہ ’’لذتِ آوارگی‘‘ پر منظوم تبصرہ کرتے ہوئے کہتے ہیں:
دیدہ ور اظہر بزورِ بازوئے نظارگی
7ہے بغلگیرِ عروس لذتِ آوارگی
عمر کے اس مرحلے میں جلوہ ھائے رنگ رنگ
فکرِ اظہر سے نظر آنے لگے یکبارگی
لذتِ آوارگی اس کو نہیں ملتی حفیظ
جس کے ہاتھوں پر لکھی ہو بندگی بے چارگی
(۳۰۵)
اظہر کی تخلیقات کا دامن خود ان کے ظرف کی کشادہ اور ان کی زندگی کی طرح متنوع ہے۔ ان کی تخلیقات جدید و قدیم کا حسین امتزاج ہیں۔ اظہر نے اپنے کلام کو اپنی علمیت کے...
In order to prevent tensions, promote economic cooperation, and obstruct regional integration, the document emphasizes the importance of territorial and economic disputes within the Syria Territory. It highlights how diplomacy plays a key role in reaching agreements and resolving these conflicts. Regarding Syria's position regarding Israel, diplomatic endeavors are essential for resolving more general geopolitical issues.
Syria's strategic location makes it a key player in trade routes, and diplomatic initiatives are aimed at ensuring economic benefits and regional stability. Syria's diplomatic landscape is further shaped by Russian support, which offers political backing in international negotiations. The Geneva Conference, Astana, and Sochi processes are important platforms for tackling the complex issues at hand, bringing together regional and international players to identify all-encompassing solutions.
Overall, the document elucidates how diplomacy not only addresses territorial and economic concerns within Syria but also navigates the complexities of the broader geopolitical context, such as Syria's role in the Arab-Israeli conflict and its economic aspirations linked to trade routes. It highlights various diplomatic initiatives that can promote stability, prosperity, and mutual benefits while also fostering regional integration. Policymakers who want to use diplomatic means to advance peace and stability in this region will find this information useful.
Keywords: Syria, Diplomacy, Geneva, Astana, and Sochi.
The high degree of consanguineous marriages, languages, and religion are important factors responsible for high frequency of diverse hereditary disorders in Pakistani population. High incidence of inherited disorders is an ideal substrate to initiate molecular studies in Pakistani population. In this thesis I have systematically identified, phenotyped and sampled complex disorder (Schizophrenia) and rare Mendelian disorder (Primary Microcephaly) in families of different ethnicities/regions in Pakistan. Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disease afflicting around 1.1% of the population worldwide. The symptoms appear in late adolescence or early adulthood, and mainly manifest as hallucination, delusions, cognitive deficit, abnormal moods and behavior. In this thesis 16 multiplex schizophrenia families were systematically identified, diagnosed and sampled from different ethnicities/regions of Pakistan, along with a second cohort of 508 unrelated Pakistani schizophrenia patients. Fifteen out of the sixteen families were excluded for the presence of pathogenic Copy Number Variations (CNVs) by genome wide array screening. While in one of the 16 families pathogenic rare novel duplication was detected on chromosome 5q14.1_q14.2 that truly segregated with the phenotype. Exome sequencing of schizophrenia families revealed three rare and eight common variants in two families. A set of top schizophrenia candidate genes (MIR137, CACNA1C, CSMD1, GRM3 and DRD2) was selected to evaluate their association with schizophrenia in Pakistani population. A case control association study revealed a significant difference in the genotype and allele frequencies of three SNPs between the patients and controls (p = 0.000). Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurodevelopment defect, characterized by congenital reduction in Occipitofrontal Circumferance (OFC)/Head Circumference (HC) is at least 4 standard deviations (SD) below the ethnically matched, age and sex related mean. MCPH is associated with some degree of mental retardation which persists throughout their life without additional xx morphological or clinical symptoms. The prevalence of primary MCPH is 1 in 10,000 in Pakistani population. In this thesis six consanguineous MCPH families originating from different cities of Punjab were analyzed. Linkage analysis and exome sequencing revealed four novel and two known mutations in MCPH families. The findings in this study will help in understanding the disease mechanism and related pathways as well as annotating various entities of genome. This knowledge will help in efficient carrier screening, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of affected families and ultimately to development of effective therapeutic approaches.