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Home > Growth Responses and Metal Accumulation Patterns in Fish Exposed to Chronic Metal Mixture Concentrations

Growth Responses and Metal Accumulation Patterns in Fish Exposed to Chronic Metal Mixture Concentrations

Thesis Info

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Author

Naz, Saima

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/528

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726350862

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Acute toxicity of 19 mixtures of iron, zinc, lead, nickel and manganese were determined in terms of 96-hr LC 50 and lethal concentrationsfor five fish species viz.Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala,Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix under laboratory conditionsat constant pH (7), total hardness (200mg/L) and water temperature (30°C).The extent of metals bio- accumulation in fish body organs viz. gills, liver, kidney, fins, bones, muscle and skin at both 96-hr LC 50 and lethal concentrations were also determined. In the 2 nd phase, growth responses of five fish species were determined, separately, under chronic exposure of 19 mixtures of metals at sub-lethal concentrations (1/3 rd of LC 50 ) for 12 weeks. The bioaccumulation of metals in the fish body organs viz. gills, liver, kidney, fins, bones, muscle and skin were also determined before and after growth trails under the stress of 19 mixtures. All the five fish species showed significantly variable tolerance limits in terms of 96-hr LC 50 and lethal concentrations against 19 mixtures of five metals. Amongst 19 mixtures / treatments, the mixture of five metals (Fe+Zn+Pb+Ni+Mn) caused significantly higher toxicity to the fish, in terms of 96-hr LC 50 and lethal concentrations of 46.23±11.54 and 73.46±14.18mgL -1 , respectively. However, Pb+Mn and Zn+Pb mixtures were significantly least toxic to the fish with the mean LC 50 and lethal concentrations of 83.48±11.34 and 134.70±26.77mg L -1 , respectively. Regarding overall sensitivity of five fish species, Hypophthalmichthys molitrixwere significantly more sensitive to metals mixtures with a mean LC 50 value of 59.63±11.01mgL -1 while Labeo rohita showed significantly least sensitivity (81.73±12.73mgL -1 ).This significantly higher sensitivity of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix towards metal mixtures was followed by that of Cirrhina mrigala, Catla catla, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Labeo rohita. However, the difference between Catla catla and Cirrhina mrigala, for their tolerance limits (LC 50 ), were statistically non-significant. The overall sensitivity of all the five fish species, determined in terms of lethal concentrations, against various metals mixtures varied significantly. Regarding overall response of fish towards 19 mixtures, mean sensitivity of fish to the mixture of five metals (Fe+Zn+Pb+Ni+Mn) was significantly high (P<0.05), followed by that of four metalsmixtures (Fe+Zn+Pb+Mn) with statistically significant difference. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix were significantly more sensitive to metals mixture with themean lethal concentration of 97.85±16.20mgL -1 , followed by that of Catla catla, Cirrhina mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Labeo rohita with the mean lethal concentrations of 101.70±16.70, 105.80±12.80, 122.40±23.77 and 128.80±19.95mgL -1 , respectively. Amongst five fish species, Labeo rohita showed significantly least sensitivity towards Zn+Pb mixture (170.00±0.60mgL -1 ) while Hypophthalmichthys molitrix showed significantly higher sensitivity to Pb+Mn with the mean lethal concentrations of 18.53±0.61mgL -1 . The overall sensitivity of five fish species varied significantly for 19 mixtures with the mean higher and lower lethal concentrations of 134.70±26.11 and 73.56±14.18mgL -1 for Zn+Pb and Fe+Zn+Pb+Ni+Mn mixtures, respectively. The exposure of four (Fe+Zn+Pb+Mn) and five (Fe+Zn+Pb+Ni+Mn) metal mixtures, at sub-lethal concentrations (1/3 rd of LC 50 ), caused significantly lesser growth to all the five fish species. Amongst 19 mixtures, Fe+Zn+Pb+Ni mixture (#17) caused significantly pronounced impacts on the growth performance of all the five fish species, followed by thatof Fe+Zn+Pb+Ni+Mn (#19) and Fe+Zn+Pb+Mn (#18) mixtures. Under chronic stress, Cirrhina mrigala and Hypophthalmichthys molitix attained significantly higher weights, followed by that of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Ctenopharyngodon idella. However, the growth of all the five metals mixture exposed fish species was significantly lesser than that of control fish (un-stressed). Significantly variable condition factor values reflected the degree of fish well-beings that correlated directly with fish growth. The metallic ion loads (under the exposure of different mixtures) of the culture media correlated inversely with fish growth due to significant effects of metal’s stress on fish body. The growth performance of fish did not vary significantly due to change in feed intake while significantly positive change in the feed conversion efficiency had affected the fish growth significantly due to the impacts of various mixtures in reducing fish metabolism and activity. Any significant change in feed intake, due to stress, is reflected in terms of fish growth showing the impacts of various mixtures on fish growth were either additive or antagonist / synergistic. Physico-chemistry of the test media (water) used for different treatments exerted significant impacts on fish growth, feed intake, and condition factor and feed conversion efficiency of fish also. Significantly better feed intake enhanced the ammonia production and excretion by the fish resulting into non-significantly positive relationship of fish weight increments with ammonia contents of the test media. Significantly higher feed intake resulted in excessive excretion of ammonia by the fish to cause significant impact on its growth. Sodium and potassium showed significantlypositive correlation with ammonia concentrations of the test media, indicating excessive release of sodium and potassium by the fish under stress of various mixtures that resulted in significantly more excretion of ammonia by the fish. Organ-wise distribution of residual metals viz. iron, zinc, lead, nickel and manganese reveals liver as the prime site of their accumulation with significantly higher persistence, followed by kidney, gills and fins of metals mixture exposed fish. The fish muscle tissues accumulated significantly (P<0.05) lower metals than liver, kidney and gills. The exposure of metals mixture at higher concentrations resulted in escalated levels of these metals in fish body that followed the general order: zinc >iron >nickel >lead >manganese which can be regarded as an indicator of cumulative response of five fish species. Accumulation of all the metals in fish body followed the general order: liver>kidney>gills>fins>muscle>skin>bones. The level of various metals in gills of fish, exposed to different sub-lethal concentrations of mixtures, was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the levels found in all other organs except liver and kidney.
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گونہ تم سے ملی وفا مجھ کو

گو نہ تم سے ملی وفا مجھ کو
پھر بھی تم سے نہیں گلہ مجھ کو

میں بھی تم سے کنارا کر لیتا
کرنی آتی نہیں جفا مجھ کو

زندگانی گزارنے کے لیے
مرنا پڑتا ہے بار ہا مجھ کو

اُس کو مجبوریوں نے گھیرا تھا
کہہ نہ پایا وہ برملا مجھ کو

وہ نہ دھتکارتا مجھے تائبؔ
چاہے کرتا نہ کچھ عطا مجھ کو

Image of Islam Western Media: An Overview of Studies About Portrayal of Islam and Islamic World 1971-2001

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Development and Performance Studies of Pyrotechnic Composition for Pressure-Generated and Delay Cartridges

The work presented in this thesis is focused on the development and performance studies of different types of pyrotechnic compositions for pressure-generated and delay cartridges. A lot of work has been carried out in the field of pyrotechnic compositions; however, there is not much data available on the development and selection of the suitable igniter and booster pyrotechnic compositions for pressure-generated cartridges, coupled with lack of understanding of detailed parametric studies on pyrotechnic delay compositions to improve their burning performance. The published work in the field of pyrotechnic delay compositions presents individual studies of one or two parameters affecting burning performance. The present work is a concerted effort to provide an insight into the detailed studies of a number of parameters to investigate and improve the performance of particular delay compositions. For this purpose B, Zr and Pb(SCN)2 were used as fuels and KNO3, KClO4, KClO3 as oxidizers for the development of igniter and booster pyrotechnic compositions, whereas B and Si were used as fuels while BaCrO4, PbO and Pb3O4 as oxidizers while FG, CMC, Dextrin as binders for the development of different types of pyrotechnic delay compositions. The first part of this research work pertains to develop different types of high energy igniter and booster pyrotechnic compositions: B/KNO3, Zr/KClO4 and Pb(SCN)2/KClO3 as igniter compositions while B/Mg/KClO4/Bi2O3 and B/Mg/KClO4 as booster pyrotechnic compositions.The study shows that the best combination for igniter and booster compositions in terms of safety, calorific values and cartridge functionality are Zr/KClO4 (40/60) and B/Mg/KClO4 (30/10/60), respectively. Further, the development and parametric studies of different types of pyrotechnic delay compositions comprising B/BaCrO4/Binder, Si/Pb3O4/Binder, Si/PbO/Binder and Si/Pb3O4/PbO/Binder was conducted. Effect of fuel contents, binders, temperature variation, loading pressure, ingredients mixing and body material on the burring time and burning rate/mass consumption of these delay compositions were experimentally investigated and Calorific values were determined. These studies revealed that burning performance of a pyrotechnic delay composition could be modified by altering these parameters through an indepth study of these parameters to enable the end-user to develop and optimize the burning performance of pyrotechnic compositions as done in this work.Variation in the burning time has been significantly reduced in these delay compositions through homogenous mixing as being a problem in delay mixtures. The burning rate and mass consumption of these compositions increased with increase in fuel contents until maximum value was achieved. These values then decreased on further increase in fuel contents until misfire condition was recorded. It was also revealed during this study that binders also play an important role in modifying the burning rate of delay compositions. Variation in loading pressure did not significantly affect the burning performance. Burning rate of these delay compositions increased with the decrease in ambient temperature and vice versa. By replacing the stainless steel body material with brass and controlling the laboratory operating conditions further reduced the variation in the burning time. In the last part of the thesis, studies were undertaken for the measurement of minimum pressure together with ejection velocity, required for the release of the external stores from military aircraft on powerful pressure generating cartridge. Pressure generating cartridge converts chemical energy into mechanical energy. Mission effectiveness and sustainability for military aircrafts are highly dependent on ability to separate the external stores with required velocity to minimize risk during mission flight. The prediction of ejection velocity for the separation of external stores from the military aircrafts is an important task in the aerodynamic design area. It not only requires to separate the stores safety from the aircraft but also requires a relatively smooth release for good delivery accuracy. The experimental data shows that minimum pressure required to separate the external store from Ejection Release Unit (ERU) must be more than 70 bars depending on the mass of store. The ejection velocity with single cartridge is between 3.59~4.5 m s-1 The upshot of this work is that it provides new insight in the function and performance of pyrotechnic delay compositions and pressure generated-cartridges to enable the end-user to optimize the performance of these compositions, as per requirement.