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Home > Habitat Distribution, Diversity and Systematics of Mus Spp. in Pothwar, Pakistan

Habitat Distribution, Diversity and Systematics of Mus Spp. in Pothwar, Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Bibi, Shahnaz

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8225/1/Shahnaz%20Bibi%20Zoology%20complete%20final%20thesis%20pdf.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726354401

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The mice of genus Mus are small-size mammals which belong to the family Muridae of the mammalian order Rodentia. Considerable efforts have been devoted to establish the phylogeny of the Mus genus. But it has been difficult to establish clear taxonomy of the Mus genus by traditional morphometric tools due to the existence of subtle morphological differences among different forms. Thus, 17 different systematics studies of Mus genus are in great conflict. Despite the fact that Pakistan encompasses an important part of range of many Mus species, mice populations in Pakistan have not been the subject of any genetic and biogeographic studies. So, there exist some serious ambiguities with respect to the occurrence of Mus spp. in Pakistan. Thus, present study was conducted to find out which species are actually present in the study area Pothwar. True taxonomic status was examined by using molecular markers of Cytochrome b and Mitochondrial control region. The genetic diversity depicted by Maximum likelihood phylogeny and Median joining network revealed three species i.e. Mus musculus, Mus terricolor and Mus cookii, three sub species of Mus musculus i.e. M. m. musculus, M. m. domesticus and M. m. castaneus and four sub lineages of M. m. castaneus. M. m. castaneus proved to be the most abundant and thus most important taxa identified from Pothwar region. M. m. castaneus population in Pothwar proved to be highly diverse on the basis of haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices. Neutrality tests were implemented to study the recent demographic history of each sub lineage. Tajima’s D test suggested recent population expansion in all lineages. The taxa identified by genetic analysis were subjected to morphometric analysis involving body and cranial measurements, description of pelage and characteristics of the molar teeth. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) of morphological, cranial and coat colour variables was executed to predict membership of each specimen to the respective species or lineage identified on the basis of molecular analysis. Resul ts of molecular and morphometric analysis were well concordant in the case of three Mus species as significant morphological segregation was evident at species level. While morphological segregation was not complete between sub-species of Mus musculus and among sub-lineages of M. m. castaneus as DFA showed 50- 70% morphological isolation between these sub-lineages identified by molocular 18 analyses. Chi-square test was applied to test the homogeneity of the distribution of Mus fauna. According to which no habitat wise segregation was evident for genetically identified Mus taxa. This study tried to provide validated information about the genetic identity of Mus fauna of Pothwar. As members of genus Mus are major agricultural pests, this study provides basic information about the distribution and species composition of Mus in Pakistan for developing effective and environment friendly management programs for inhibiting different Mus populations.
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ملکِ عرب

ملک عرب:
محل وقوع: براعظم ایشیاء کے جنوب مغرب میں واقع ملک عرب کے تین اطراف سمندر اور چوتھی طرف خشکی ہے ۔ مغرب میں بحیرہ قلزم ہے جو مکہ معظمہ سے مغربی جانب تقریباََ ستتر (۷۷) کلو میٹر کے فاصلہ پر ہے ۔اس کے علاوہ مغرب میں آبنائے سویز اور بحیرہ روم ہے ۔ مشرق میں خلیج فارس اور عمان ‘ جنوب میں بحرہند اور اس کے شمال میں شام و عراق اور شمال سے جنوب تک ایک سلسلہ کوہ پھیلا ہو ا ہے‘ جسے جبل السراۃ کہتے ہیں ‘ شمال میں یہ شام اور فلسطین کے پہاڑوں سے جا ملتا ہے ۔ اس سلسلہ کو جگہ جگہ سے وادیاں قطع کرتی ہیں ۔ سلسلہ جبال السراۃ کو توریت میں سلسلہ کو ہ فاران کا نام دیا گیا ہے ۔ ( سیرت النبی اعلان نبوت سے پہلے ۔ٖص۲۰)جغرافیہ کے ماہرین نے اس ملک کو آٹھ حصوں میں تقسیم کیا ہے ۔ جن میں سے ایک حجاز ہے ۔ چونکہ ’’تہامہ ‘‘ اور ’’ نجد ‘‘ کے درمیان حاجز ہے جو تہا مہ اور نجد کو الگ کرتا ہے اس لیے ملک کے اس حصہ کو حجاز کہتے ہیں ۔ حجاز کا زیادہ حصہ بنجر اور بے آب وگیاہ ہے جسے قرآن مجید نے ’’ وادی غیر ذی زرع‘‘ کہا ہے ۔اس میں صدیوں سے موجود (عرب کا قدیم شہر مکہ )یا بکہ ایک تجارتی مرکز تھا ۔ یمن ،شام اور حبشہ کے مابین تجارتی قافلوں کی گزر گاہ پر واقع تھا ۔ یہا ں کے باشندے بھی خوب تجارت کرتے تھے ۔ یمن اور حبشہ کی مصنوعات اور پیداوار خرید لاتے اور انہیں مصر اور شام کے بازاروں میں جا کر فروخت کرتے ۔وہ بصری ٰاور دمشق کے میلوں سے بھی سامان خرید لاتے اوراس کے بدلے میں اپنا سامان فروخت کرتے تھے ۔موسم گرما...

مغرب کا نظریہ ملکیت اور اسلام تقابلی جائزہ

Islam recognizes the right of individual ownership of material things in this world. A person can hold all kinds of Halal material things in his individual possession. However, Islamic Shari'a doesn't allow such a concept of individual ownership which is given in Capitalism and as adopted by Western world. The Western world's concept about individual ownership is very liberal and without any restrictions. While, Islam doesn't give full liberty to any individual but rather instructs them to own and possess Halal material things via legitimate sources, and also instructs the right usage of these material things in the light of Qur'an and Sunnah. The benefit of this Islamic law is that disqualified individuals, such as an insane person or children, have no right on disposing his or her individual property. Similarly, in the eyes of Islam, an individual person is not allowed to dispose his or her property in such a way which causes trouble and inconvenience to others, for example a person cannot dig a well on his own land which causes trouble and inconvenience to others. Islam prohibits such disposing of an individual's property.

الاعجاز البیانی فی ضوء النصوص القرآنیة

There is no doubt that the Holy Qur'an is a great blessing from Almighty Allah. If this had been the only blessing bestowed on this final Ummah, we would still have surpassed all previous ummahs in blessings. This book is the epitome of sweetness. Its beauty stretches from the tongue of the .2 gam and can be felt in the very depths of the heart of the listener. One can not tire of reading it, nor of listening to it; the more one delves into it, the richer its treasures reveal themselves to be. This book appeals equally to a scholar and a layperson at the same time, and guides them both. It has the power to awaken nations from ignorant slumber, and to show them the path to success. One aspect of this brilliance is the fact that not only does it encompass vast treasures of wisdom and knowledge, but it is also a literary and linguistic miracle. This latter point is expounded further in this present research work. The direct and implied meaning of the text of the Holy Book is indeed beautiful. The very vocabulary and its mesmerizing usage are so apt and balanced that there can be absolutely no comparison. Revealed at the time when Arabia was at the pinnacle of linguistic excellence, nothing could face up to its splendor, attempts by the disbelievers who put together all their resources to this futile end notwithstanding. This was one reason why the opponents of this message, having completely failed this way, resorted to violence and warfare. If they could have countered the linguistic beauty of the Holy Qur'an, the world would not have seen the battles of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq. To illustrate this linguistic miracle of the Holy Qur'an, a few styles have been selected from its vast treasures of Ilm-ul-Bayan. These include, but are not limited to, the vocabulary, the usage of similes and metaphor etc. that challenge human ability and leave it pale in comparison. The Holy Qur'an chooses different styles beautifully based on specific contexts, catering beautifully to the addressee and the message. Where the circumstance calls for simplicity, the Holy Qur'an employs a simple yet brilliant style, and where the need is for eloquence, it engages a sparkling dignity. Thus it is a direct and correct conclusion that the Holy Qur'an's linguistic approach is a string of gems that embodies many different styles; each gem is magnificent on its own, and at the same time, the majesty of the string is revealed even more fully when considered as a whole. A miracle of the Holy Qur'an is that it showcases divine brilliance in a way that is comprehendible by efforts of human knowledge and imagination without compromising its full magnificence. This becomes evident in another way also. It is interesting to note that the best amongst human literature now employs the same vocabulary and similar linguistic techniques, and yet the distinction between the products of the human mind and this divine book has not been bridged at all. 1. Arabic, for the larger Islamic concept of 'nation' that surpasses all geographic boundaries. 2. Arabic, for one who recites. 3. The three battles from the early age of Islam. Holy Qur'an stands to this day, and shall continue to do so for all time, with all its glory as a shining testament to the boundary less divine wisdom and magnificence, for which even the entire creative prowess in the world around us is no match. This research has engaged several noted exegesis of the Holy Qur'an to identify, understand and classify a part of the linguistic magnificence of this divine book. The Glorious Qur'an's eloquent stylizations embody infinite beauty, and showcase the miracle of the brilliance of the divine wisdom. It presents a spectacular combination of eloquence that radiates beauty, and comprehensive conciseness. These are just two of the miracles that form the Holy Qur'an. The characteristics outlined in these preceding lines, and subsequently in this research show the outline of a magnificent picture, and yet this only be labeled as being hardly a drop in the ocean in comparison to the full glory of the Holy Book. I pray to Almighty Allah to accept my endeavor to showcase some of this grandeur in this research, and to make it beneficial for me, and the whole Muslim Ummah.