بچوں کی جسمانی سزا کا اسلام، بائبل اور عصر حاضر کے نظریات کی روشنی میں جائزہ

Upbringing of children is a significant job which is carried out at homes, day care centers, formal and informal schools or institutions. Proper and socially acceptable change in the behavior of young children is needed in every society as per the social, cultural, regional and religious requirements. Different viewpoints are expressed in this regard especially about the use of corporal punishment in upbringing of children. This viewpoint is supported by some people while opposed by other at the same time. Islamic and Bible literature also provides guidance on this subject. The current paper deals with the Corporal punishment of children from the Islamic, Bible and contemporary points of view. Keywords: Bible, Islam, Contemporary Era, Corporal Punishmen

The Withdrawn Children and Their Classroom Participation: An Exploratory Case Study

Child-centred teaching and learning approach is a progressive approach that demands for active participation of all children in the classroom process. Educationists and Professional Educational Institutions like IED are advocating for this approach. As a result, more and more teachers are being exposed to this progressive approach of teaching and learning. As teachers embrace this approach, one may wonder whether they are able to enhance the participation of all children, including the withdrawn ones in the classroom process. Therefore, apart from creating awareness about withdrawn children who may be forgotten, ignored and isolated in the classroom, this exploratory case study was also carried out to find out the opportunities that exist in the classroom that could enable and/or enhance the participation of the withdrawn children. This study describes the experiences of withdrawn/unresponsive children in and outside the classroom through detailed classroom observations, interviewing some of the teachers, the two case withdrawn children and parents to one of the case children, and through analysis of relevant documents. The study found out that, though the teacher I observed had been exposed to child-centered teaching and learning strategies, like group work, pair work, the use of role plays, drama, discussions etc., through professional development courses and through the H.A.S programme being propagated in the school by the H.A.S.-IED team, that could have been used to enhance classroom participation of all children including the withdrawn ones, she was unable to maximize the use of these strategies in the classroom. However, the findings suggest that the warm friendly relationship the teacher had with all children including the withdrawn ones in the classroom, which was shown in the way she related to them, indicated that the teacher valued, loved and respected all the children. This relationship may have enhanced the children's self-esteem, thus, leading to occasional interaction between the teacher and the children, hence, enabling the two withdrawn case children to participate.