Tuberculosis is the most distinctive deadly infection causing great mortality amongst all the infectious diseases. The main causative agent of Tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, when resistant to drugs isoniazid and rifampicin together is known as Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The objective of study was to investigate some haematological parameters (White Blood Cell, Red Blood Cell, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Platelets, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) and biochemical parameters (Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, Sodium, Potassium, Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine transaminase and Bilirubin) in patients who are infected with MDR-TB, conducted in Programmatic Management of Drug resistant Tuberculosis (PMDT) unit at Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad, Pakistan from March 2014 to February 2015. A total of 139 patients and 40 healthy individuals were screened for different investigative parameters. The study comprised of 55.4% female and 44.6 % male subjects. Most of the subjects belonged to rural area (82%), 64 % were married, while literacy rate was 33.1%, belonging to low income families. A significant (P< 0.001) and gradual increase in body weight was been noticed during continuation phase of treatment, which was an indication of recovery from the disease. The level of white blood cells was significantly (P value ranges from 0.001 to 0.05) variable amongst all the age groups. However, a marked decline towards normal level was seen during treatment phase GI5, in age group up to 20 years of male patients. In the age group of upto 20 years the mean hemoglobin level was significantly associated with MDR-TB for both genders at different treatment regimens. However, female had a lower hemoglobin level, but as the treatment was in progression the study experienced a low level of hemoglobin for age group of up to 20 and above 40 years of age in male population. The platelets count was highly varied for female and came to normal in post intensive therapy phase. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was remarkably elevated in all age groups of the respondents during therapy and in intensive phase the ESR flourished towards the normal range. A significant variation (P< 0.001) had been recorded which meant that ESR was highly attributed to MDR-TB patients. Both for urea and creatinine, there was no marked difference noticed, except urea in the male age group of up to 20 years. While in creatinine a prominent alteration was recorded in both the gender of above 40 years of age, which showed that creatinine in the male age group of above 40 years increased during treatment. Observed significant variation in uric acid level for both gender (male and female) up to 20 years of age was (P< 0.05 and 0.01 respectively). While for age group up to 40 years the level of significance varied during the intensive and continuation phase from (P<0.05, 0.01 and 0.001) in both the sexes. The lowest observed sodium level was noted in male age group up to 20 years of age with significant variation (P<0.01). Regarding potassium level in male age group up to 20 years the observed significant variations were (P< 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001) respectively. A prominent significant variation both for male and female of age group up to 40 years were (P< 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001) almost during all treatment phases. Variation (P<0.05) was observed in female of age group above 40 years. Amongst the three age groups the highest significant variation was observed among female up to 40 years of age for alkaline phosphates. Significant variation was found in GO treatment phase for both gender up to age group of 40 years. The lowest sugar value was found 4.62 + 0.78 mmol/L among the male age group of up to 20 years in the treatment, but however it was found that during treatment the level of sugar was found normal. In case of bilirubin no prominent change had been noticed throughout the treatment phase. The liver enzyme Alanine aminotransferase in respect of treatment correspondent to various age groups was found varied in more dramatic way. As the decline of the infection with treatment showed that Alanine aminotransferase level was normalized. It is concluded that MDR-TB treatment produced some serious adverse reactions regarding biochemical abnormalities which resulted in prolongation of treatment and increased hospitalization of MDR-TB patients. Disturbance in liver and kidney functions could play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. These results showed the importance of the early recognition of these effects and the early initiation of the appropriate approach. Patients who received second line anti-tuberculosis therapy for MDR-TB showed number of side effects. If side effects were not treated, they could had promoted mortality and morbidity.
Tujuan Penelitian yaitu mendesain Villa Terapung di Pulau Kera yang mengambil unsur budaya lokal dengan pendekatan Arsitektur Vernakuler agar dapat memenuhi berbagai aspek seperti dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan penelitian, ilmu pengetahuan, pendidikan, menunjang budidaya, pariwisata dan rekreasi alam. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan pada perencanan dan perancangan vila terapung di Kawasan Pulau Kera Propinsi NusaTenggara Timur adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif yang mampu mendeskripsikan serta menganalisa kegiatan atau data yang bersifat alamiah. Variabel penelitian Perencanaan dan Perancangan Villa Terapung Di Pulau Kera Dengan Pendekatan Arsitektur Vernakular Timor Nusa Tenggara Timur terdiri dari Parameter dan Indikator yang telah ditentukan berdasarkan pada kajian yang dilakukan. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian dilakukan untuk memperoleh data yang relevan maka beberapa teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan yaitu observasi, studi literatur, studi banding. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan untuk adalah analisis kualitatif model interaktif yang diajukan oleh Milles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu meningkatkan daya tarik wisatawan terhadap Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, Kabupaten Kupang khususnya Kawasan Pulau Kera dan menjadi bahan masukan dan pertimbangan bagi pihak-pihak yang memerlukan.
This dissertation studies the impact of judicial efficiency on leverage and debt-maturity structure of 370 firms that are listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange, over the period 2001-2006.In a set of regressions where dependent variable is leverage ratio, baseline results show that leverage ratio increases with size of firm, ratio of fixed-assets-to-total- assets, and decreases with profitability, volatility of net income, dividends payments and growth opportunities. The largest economic effect on leverage ratio is that of the size of firm. These results demonstrate that the trade-off theory and the information asymmetry theory best explains observed capital structure. The results also indicate that leverage ratio decreases when judicial efficiency decreases; however, this relationship is not statistically significant. This is due to the composition effect. Allowing judicial efficiency to interact with the included explanatory variables, the results show that worsening judicial efficiency increases leverage ratios of large firms and decreases leverage ratios of small firms which is an indication of the fact that creditors shift credit away from small firms to large firms in the presence of inefficient judicial system. Results also indicate that the effect of inefficient courts is greater on leverage ratios of firms that have fewer tangible assets as percentage of total assets than on leverage ratios of firms that have more tangible assets. And finally there is some evidence that firms with more volatile net incomes are affected more than firms with less volatile net incomes when judicial efficiency decreases. In debt-maturity regressions, the baseline results indicate that debt-maturity increases with size, tangible assets, and decreases with the firm‘s growth opportunities and inefficiency of judiciary; however, volatility of net income and firm‘s quality do not show any statistically significant relationship with debt-maturity ratio. Allowing for the possibility that judicial inefficiency does not impact all firms alike, the measure of judicial efficiency is interacted with dummy variables that are based on the quartiles of the included explanatory variables. Results of these regressions show that worsening judicial efficiency has far greater negative impact on the debt-maturity ratio of small firms than on the debt-maturity ratio of large firms. Similarly, results show that the effect of inefficient courts is greater on firms that have fewer tangible assets as percentage of total assets than on firms that have more tangible assets. Other firm-specific features like growth opportunities, volatility of net income, and firm‘s quality do not change the impact of judicial inefficiency on the firms‘ debt-maturity ratios.