Tuberculosis is the most distinctive deadly infection causing great mortality amongst all the infectious diseases. The main causative agent of Tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, when resistant to drugs isoniazid and rifampicin together is known as Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The objective of study was to investigate some haematological parameters (White Blood Cell, Red Blood Cell, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Platelets, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) and biochemical parameters (Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, Sodium, Potassium, Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine transaminase and Bilirubin) in patients who are infected with MDR-TB, conducted in Programmatic Management of Drug resistant Tuberculosis (PMDT) unit at Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad, Pakistan from March 2014 to February 2015. A total of 139 patients and 40 healthy individuals were screened for different investigative parameters. The study comprised of 55.4% female and 44.6 % male subjects. Most of the subjects belonged to rural area (82%), 64 % were married, while literacy rate was 33.1%, belonging to low income families. A significant (P< 0.001) and gradual increase in body weight was been noticed during continuation phase of treatment, which was an indication of recovery from the disease. The level of white blood cells was significantly (P value ranges from 0.001 to 0.05) variable amongst all the age groups. However, a marked decline towards normal level was seen during treatment phase GI5, in age group up to 20 years of male patients. In the age group of upto 20 years the mean hemoglobin level was significantly associated with MDR-TB for both genders at different treatment regimens. However, female had a lower hemoglobin level, but as the treatment was in progression the study experienced a low level of hemoglobin for age group of up to 20 and above 40 years of age in male population. The platelets count was highly varied for female and came to normal in post intensive therapy phase. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was remarkably elevated in all age groups of the respondents during therapy and in intensive phase the ESR flourished towards the normal range. A significant variation (P< 0.001) had been recorded which meant that ESR was highly attributed to MDR-TB patients. Both for urea and creatinine, there was no marked difference noticed, except urea in the male age group of up to 20 years. While in creatinine a prominent alteration was recorded in both the gender of above 40 years of age, which showed that creatinine in the male age group of above 40 years increased during treatment. Observed significant variation in uric acid level for both gender (male and female) up to 20 years of age was (P< 0.05 and 0.01 respectively). While for age group up to 40 years the level of significance varied during the intensive and continuation phase from (P<0.05, 0.01 and 0.001) in both the sexes. The lowest observed sodium level was noted in male age group up to 20 years of age with significant variation (P<0.01). Regarding potassium level in male age group up to 20 years the observed significant variations were (P< 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001) respectively. A prominent significant variation both for male and female of age group up to 40 years were (P< 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001) almost during all treatment phases. Variation (P<0.05) was observed in female of age group above 40 years. Amongst the three age groups the highest significant variation was observed among female up to 40 years of age for alkaline phosphates. Significant variation was found in GO treatment phase for both gender up to age group of 40 years. The lowest sugar value was found 4.62 + 0.78 mmol/L among the male age group of up to 20 years in the treatment, but however it was found that during treatment the level of sugar was found normal. In case of bilirubin no prominent change had been noticed throughout the treatment phase. The liver enzyme Alanine aminotransferase in respect of treatment correspondent to various age groups was found varied in more dramatic way. As the decline of the infection with treatment showed that Alanine aminotransferase level was normalized. It is concluded that MDR-TB treatment produced some serious adverse reactions regarding biochemical abnormalities which resulted in prolongation of treatment and increased hospitalization of MDR-TB patients. Disturbance in liver and kidney functions could play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. These results showed the importance of the early recognition of these effects and the early initiation of the appropriate approach. Patients who received second line anti-tuberculosis therapy for MDR-TB showed number of side effects. If side effects were not treated, they could had promoted mortality and morbidity.
اسلام میں عبادات انسانی فطرت کے عین مطابق ہیں، ہر بچہ فطرتِ سلیمہ پر پیدا ہوتا ہے اور اس طرح ہر انسان فطرتاً اپنے خالق کے وجود کے اقرار کی طرف مائل ہوتا ہے۔ اسی فطری جذبے کو پروان چڑھانے اور اسی روحانی پہلو کو جلا بخشنے کے لیے عبادات مقرر کی گئی ہیں تاکہ انسان اپنی روحانی پیاس بجھا سکے۔ اسلام نے عبادات مقرر کرتے ہوئے انسانی زندگی کے حالات کو پیشِ نظر رکھا ہے اسی لیے راہبوں کی طرف دنیا سے الگ تھلگ ہو کر عبادت خانوں میں بند ہونے کی اجازت نہیں دی۔ ہر عبادت کی صورت اور طریقِ ادائیگی دوسرے سے مختلف ہے۔اپنی زندگی کو اللہ تعالیٰ کی شریعت اور اس کی مرضی کے مطابق گزارنے کا نام عبادت ہے۔ انسان کے تمام اعمال خواہ وہ دنیوی مفادات کے حصول کے لیے ہی کیے جائیں عبادت بن جاتے ہیں بشرطیکہ ان سے رضائے الٰہی مقصود ہو۔ اس فصل میں عبادات سے متعلقہ آیاتِ استفہام بیان کی گئی ہیں اور جو ان میں پوشیدہ حکمت جس مقصد کے لئے سوال کیے گئے ہیں اس کی وضاحت کی گئی ہے جو کہ درج ذیل ہیں:
عبادت تمام ظاہری اور باطنی اقوال اقوال و اعمال کو شامل ہے جنہیں اللہ تبارک و تعالیٰ پسند فرماتے ہیں اور اللہ تعالی ان سے راضی ہوتے ہیں عبادت ان تمام چیزوں سے بیزاری کا نام ہے جو اللہ تعالی کی رضا اور اللہ تعالی کی پسند کے خلاف ہو اور عبادت کے معنی ہیں کہ اللہ کی رضا کے لئے انتہائی عاجزی اور خشوع کا اظہار کرنا ، اللہ تعالی سے محبت کی یہ نشانی ہیں ہیں کہ انسان وہی چیز پسند کرے جو اللہ تبارک و تعالیٰ نے حکم دیا ہے اور اس چیز سے عداوت و نفرت رکھے جسے اللہ تبارک و تعالی...
Imām Ahmad Al- Būṣīrī is a famous Muhaddith of the 8th Hijra century. He has authored many important works in the field of Hadith. One of them is his famous book: "Miṣbāḥ al-Zujajah fī Zawaed ibn Mājah". Imām Būṣīrī is an important scholar of the field of ῾Ilm al-Jarḥ wa al-Ta῾dīl. In the book mentioned above, the Imām has collected only those aḥādīth of the book Sunan Ibn Mājah, which were reported by Imām Ibn Mājah only apart from the other authors of the six books of Sunan. After collection, Imām Būṣīrī clarified the authentic and unauthentic narrations. There were some narrations about which he remained silent. This paper aims to discuss the methodology of Imām Būṣīrī in authentication of narrations of his book "Miṣbāḥ al-Zujajah fī Zawaed ibn Mājah".
Presently, buffalo farmers are dissatisfied with fertility rates of the frozen semen used in the field and tend to use bulls. This study was designed to develop a suitable semen extender for cryopreservation of Nili Ravi buffalo semen that can improve conception rate in buffaloes. Experiment-I, an attempt was made to develop semen extender with optimal osmotic pressure for buffalo semen using tris citric acid (TCAE), skim milk (SME) and coconut water (CWE) extenders (each extender have 260, 270, 280, 290 and 300 mOsm/kg osmotic pressure levels). In Experiment-II, best extender (TCAE: 300 mOsm/kg) of experiment-I was tried to improve post thaw spermatozoa characteristics by supplementing antioxidants [0.0, 1.75, 2.0 and 2.25 mM butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and 0.0, 2.0, 5.0 and 8.0 mM L-cysteine]. Post thaw spermatozoa motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), DNA damage rate and lipid peroxidation were assessed in first two experiments. In Experiment-III, pregnancy rate assessment of extended semen was carried out by using Trial extender (best of experiment II) or Control extender of Semen Production Unit (SPU), Qadirabad, Pakistan (50 inseminations of each extender). Higher spermatozoa motility at ≥ 270 mOsm/kg was noted in TCAE than both SME and CWE could be due to less intracellular ice formation in zwitterions extender. Higher spermatozoa viability in TCAE and CWE compared to SME may be attributed to extender effectiveness. Higher acrosomal integrity rate at 300 mOsm/kg in TCAE and SME may be because of less intracellular ice formation in isotonic extenders. At 290 mOsm/kg, higher spermatozoa PMI in SME and lesser DNA damage in three extenders might be due to lesser intracellular ice formation at cryopreservation. Decreased spermatozoa DNA damage in SME might be due to the presence of natural antioxidants i.e., casein. Higher lipid peroxidation in CWE than TCAE and SME may be due to presence of natural antioxidants (in SME) and higher cell dehydration potential of TCAE. Higher spermatozoa motility recorded at 2.0 mM BHT compared to other BHT groups including DMSO might be due to fact that BHT protects spermatozoa mitochondria by reducing oxidative stress. Lower spermatozoa viability, PMI rates and higher DNA damage at 2.25 mM of BHT may be due to BHT toxic effects. Lower lipid peroxidation in BHT treated groups compared to DMSO and BHT control groups might be related to BHT strong antioxidant properties. L-cysteine caused higher spermatozoa DNA damage at highest level (i.e., 8 mM) that could also be due to antioxidant’s toxic effect. Pregnancy rate 18 % higher was noted in Trial than Control semen extender; however no significant difference have been noted that might be due to less no of inseminations. In conclusion, TCA extender (300 mOsm/kg) having BHT (2.0 mM) improved post thaw semen quality and yielded numerically better pregnancy rates. Results of study indicated that osmotic stress damaged the spermatozoa internal structures more severely than injury to plasma membrane.