خیرالنساء فاطمۃ الزھراؓ کے حضور!
شرم و حیا کا اوج ہیں ، پیکر رضا کی ہیں
زوجہ علی کی، بیٹی رسولِ خدا کی ہیں
معیار بے نظیر ہے اُن کے حجاب کا
عورت کا ہیں وقار تو زینت حیا کی ہیں
The emergence of human milk banks for premature and underweight babies in the early twentieth century raised many questions about the proscription of breastfeeding kinship as are in Islamic jurisprudence. Many Islamic scholars tries to find its solution in the light of Quran, Sunnah and the sayings of early Imams of Fiqh, but their opinion about this matter was different like the differences of sayings of some Imams, until Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences based in Kuwait and Islamic fiqh Academy Jeddah, called Summits on this issue and decided against the establishment of such banks in Islamic world. The issue seemed to be almost solved until European Council for Fatwa and Research launched an appeal in 2003 against their solution and demanded to legitimate the use of Human Milk from these banks for the children of Muslim families in Europe and USA using the public scourge canon (Umum al Balwa) of fiqh. This appeal once again opened the door of discussion on this matter. This article is an overview of the sayings of early and modern jurisprudents and pros and cons of human milk banks in the quest of solution of this modern problem in the light of Islamic shariah, so that a just and balanced opinion may be adopted in this matter as it is motto of Islamic Law. This discussion will also affect many new problems faced by Muslim communities in European countries as well as Islamic countries in modern era
Metallic (i.e. Cu, Ag and Au) nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by sol-gel method and (CuTl)0.5Ca2Ba2Cu3O10-δ (CuTl-1223) superconducting phase was synthesized by solid-sate reaction method. Different wt. % of these MNPs were added in CuTl-1223 superconducting phase to obtain (D)x/(CuTl)-1223; (x = 0 ~ 4 wt.% and D = Cu, Ag and Au) nanoparticlessuperconducting composites and their physical properties were investigated. X-rays diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-rays dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) were utilized for structural, morphological and compositional analysis of these composites. Superconducting transport properties were investigated by resistivity versus temperature (R-T) measurements with the help of Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). The role of these MNPs on flux pinning strength in (CuTl)-1223 superconducting phase was investigated by thermally activated flux flow (TAFF) model. The broadening of superconducting transition regions in R-T curves was decreased with the inclusion of these MNPs in (CuTl)-1223 superconducting matrix, which was increased with the increase of applied magnetic field due to TAFF. Activation energy (Uo) was increased with the inclusion of these MNPs up to certain optimum level in (CuTl)-1223 superconductor, indicating strong flux pinning abilities of these MNPs. Transition widths (∆T) were suppressed by inclusion of these MNPs in (CuTl)-1223 superconducting matrix, while it was increased with the increase of external applied magnetic field. The reduction in ∆T and enhancement in Uo demonstrated the enhancement in flux pinning ability of CuTl-1223 superconducting phase with the inclusion of MNPs. The broadening in ∆T with external applied magnetic field obeyed the power law (∆T= ∆To+ CHn). The value of upper critical magnetic field (Hc2) of (CuTl)-1223 superconductor was enhanced with the inclusion of MNPs up to some optimum level, which was suppressed with external applied magnetic field. The zero resistivity critical temperature (Tc), infield critical current density (Jc) were increased and normal state resistivity ρ (Ω-cm) was decreased with the inclusion of MNPs in (CuTl)-1223 superconducting phase. Over all superconducting properties of (CuTl)-1223 superconducting phase were improved due to enhanced inter-grain connectivity by filling up the pores and voids with the inclusion of these MNPs. The superconducting transport properties were enhanced due to enhanced mobility of carriers with improved inter-grain connections. These superconducting properties were suppressed after certain optimum level of these MNPs inclusion as result of suppression of superconducting volume fraction.