Grapefruit is an important fruit crop in the world as well as in Pakistan. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different harvesting dates, storage temperatures, and pre-storage treatments of hot water, wax coating, pre-harvest spray of SA and Me JA on the shelf life and quality of Ray Ruby and Shamber grapefruit. The fruits harvested in month of December showed higher biochemical constituents than the fruits harvested during September, October, November and January. The fruits stored at 8ºC and analysed after 90 days storage showed minimum chilling injuries (3.55 and 3.22%) than the fruits stored at 6ºC (11.44 and 10.22%) in Ray Ruby and Shamber respectively. The fruits stored at 8ºC showed higher levels of TSS (6.67 and 6.97 ºBrix), ascorbic acids (38.87 and 39.21 mg/100g), total sugars (6.93 and 7.54 %), reducing sugars (4.33 and 4.93 %), non-reducing sugars (1.85 and1.08%), total phenolic compounds (135.35 and 141.56 mg GAE/100g), total antioxidants (57.56 and 61.97%), total cartotenoids (15.20 and13.81 mg/100g), total flavonoids contents (43.24 and 47.28 mgCEQ/100g ) and total limonin contents (10.18 and 12.84 μg/mL) 90 days after storage in Ray Ruby and Shamber fruits, respectively. Sweetness, sourness and general acceptances measured by sensory evaluation showed that the fruits stored at 8ºC were preferred by the panellist than the fruits stored at 6ºC as well as to those kept intact on the trees. Hot water treatment for 3 min + TBZ for 5 min showed higher TSS (6.82 and 6.98 ºBrix), ascorbic acids (34.43 and 43.50 mg/100g), total sugars (5.06 and 6.44%), reducing sugars (4.62 and 4.44%), nonreducing sugars (2.02 and 1.99%), TSS/acidity ratios (5.57 and 4.77), maximum organoleptic scores and higher phytonutrients such as total phenolic compounds (145.80 and149.90 mgGAE/100g), total antioxidants (57.25 and 60.44 %), total carotenoids (14.49 and 16.36 mg/100g), total flavonoids contents (49.03 and 51.98 mgCEQ/100g) and total limonin contents (11.97 and 10.99 μg/mL) with lower chilling injuries (0.66 and 0.44%) and fruit rots (4.44 and 3.88%) than untreated fruits in Ray Ruby and Shamber, respectively. Chitosan application @ 140 mg per -1 fruit maintained highest fruit quality parameters such as TSS values (6.93 and 7.21ºBrix), ascorbic acids (36.30 and 38.38 mg/100g), total sugars (6.24 and 6.67 %), reducing sugars (4.47, 4.71%), non-reducing sugars (1.76, 1.96%), TSS/acidity ratios (5.25 and 6.00) after 90 days storage in fruits of both cultivars. Maximum organoleptic scores, total phenolic compound (172.32 and 176.43 mgGAE/100g), total antioxidants (72.09 and 75.96 %), total carotenoids (17.09 and 18.98 mg/100g), total flavonoids contents (52.27 and 59.50 mgCEQ/100g ) and total 2 limonin contents (15.08 and 12.87 μg/mL) with minimum chilling injuries (1.58 and 1.33%) and fruit rots (0.66 and 0.33%) were also measured in same fruits. Pre-harvest sprays of SA@ 12mM and MeJA @ 5 mM showed higher biochemical parameters such as TSS (5.92 and 5.83, 6.17 and 6.09ºBrix), ascorbic acids (35.86 and 35.86, 39.17 and 39.17 mg/100g), total sugars (5.88 and 5.77, 6.31 and 6.18 %), reducing sugars (3.74 and 3.64% ,4.05 and 3.96%) and non-reducing sugars (2.14 and 2.14, 2.26 and 2.12%), TSS/acidity ratio values (4.29 and 4.67, 5.82 and 5.38 ) in fruits of Ray Ruby and Shamber respectively after 90 days storage. Maximum organoleptic scores for overall acceptance (7.33, 7.22 and 7.66,7.44) and higher total phenolic compounds (166.29 and 165.76,170.48 and 167.28 mgGAE/100g), total antioxidants (72.63 and 71.37, 75.34 and 74.21%), Total carotenoids (16.40 and 16.32,18.09 and 18.03 mg/100g), total flavonoids contents (55.74 and 53.43,58.30 and 56.04 mgCEQ/100g) and total limonin contents (11.95 and 12.04, 10.66, 10.78 μg/mL) with minimum chilling injuries (1.57 and 1.42 %, 0.0 and 0.0%) and fruit rots (4.23 and 3.90%, 0 and 0 %) were also recorded in same fruits. On the basis of the result of this study, the Ist December was observed as an optimum time for harvesting of grapefruit varities Ray Ruby and Shamber. Pre-harvest sprays of SA @ 12mM and MeJA @ 5Mm, pre- storage hot water treatment (53°C) for 3 mins + TBZ for 5 mints and Chitosan @ 140 mg per-1 fruit and storage temperature of 8°C was found the best for maintaining phytonutrient quality of grapefruit cultivars Ray Ruby and Shamber for 90 days storage.
Almighty Allah revealed the Holy Qur’an for guidance of the mankind. This guidance cannot be acquired without pondering over the meanings of this book. Different scholars dedicated their lives for understanding and then spreading the message of the Almighty Allah. This book is a study of the work on translations and tafasīr of Holy Qur’an. In Sub-Continent, a large number of religious scholars dedicated themselves for the service of Holy Qur’an. Their vision was broad and they elaborated meanings of the Holy Qur’an according to their own mental approach They were appreciated and criticized by scholars of different sects of the society. There is a dire need to understand and spread the teachings of the Holy book. Hopefully this work will encourage the readers to be aware of the research of theologians. Shāh Walī Allāh is the most important religious figure of Sub-Continent. He and his sons played very important role in spreading the message of Qur’an. Brief services of this family are elaborated in this book. Scholars of Sindh have contributed in writing translations and commentaries of Holy Qur’an. Some of their contributions are highlighted. The reader will also find introduction of well-known translations and tafasīr of the 20th century. But this introduction is restricted to the Sub-continent. Through this book. the writer wants only to motivate people for learning the Holy Book. It is not claimed that services of all the Qur’anic theologians of Sub-continent are highlighted. This is a matter of pride for the author that things are discussed without any prejudice. The readers are the best judges. Suggestions regarding the improvement will be welcomed. I am thankful to Prof. Dr. Shams-ul-Basar and Dr. Zohaib Ahmad for guidance and Co-operation regarding the publication of this work. May Allah Almighty shower blessings on them. If...
Christian missionary scholarship on Islam and the Qur’an in Nigeria dates back to the advent of Christianity in the country. The reason was that Islam had become well established and indigenized in most parts of northern Nigeria and south Western Nigeria, and the Qur’an provides Muslims with information on Christianity and its doctrines. Thus, Islam became a serious obstacle to their endeavour. The early 20th century Christian Missionaries therefore, held that they could only get to the Muslims through the learning and research on the Qur’an. This spurred them to produce works on the Qur’an. Joseph Kenny was a Christian Missionary who was sent to Nigeria in 1964 through the directive of the Holy See, to assist the Catholic Church in reaching the Muslims in Nigeria. He underwent trainings in the fields of Arabic and Islamic Studies, and was able to produce more than 170 works on different areas of Islamic Studies. This paper critically examines some of his views on the Qur’an, as compared to the views of other Christian missionary scholars of Qur’an and thus elaborates on the misrepresentations contained in them.
The internet is getting credit for being a backbone of information sharing these days. As the
demand of the transmission of information on the un-trusted network increases, people
demanding the more secure mechanism to share data on hybrid networks. Now a day, the Ib
contents contain multimedia which demands security along with a maximum compression ratio
of transmission over the networks. The aim of this research paper is twofold, one the novel
lightIight encryption method is proposed which is based on Permutation rounds with exclusive
OR (P-XOR) and second the implementation of expert systems to auto detects three different
security levels for hybrid devices/networks. P-XOR is a symmetric stream cipher with three keys
of 128 bits along with five rounds. As per the need of heterogeneous devices and networks, three
security levels are implemented on the compression stage of H.264 bit-streams. Three cipher
algorithms, i.e. exclusive OR (XOR) for low level security, Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) for high level security and newly proposed P-XOR for medium level security are selected
by the implementation of fuzzy rule based expert system. The proposed expert system
intelligently selected the best security level by judging the device and network requirements for
H.264 video transmission. The proposed framework has resolved the key problem of selecting
the same level of hybrid infrastructure, i.e. the devices like mobiles, tablets, laptops and servers
with differing requirements like energy, storage, and resolution and frame rate. The results on
different sample videos have confirmed the validity of the proposed expert system for selection
of different security levels. As a research contribution, the implementation of proposed
framework has provided the minimum computational cost due to selective encryption, better
performance in terms of selection time by the expert system, video format compliance and
without network overhead for encrypted videos on said security levels.