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Harvest Maturity and Postharvest Factors Affecting the Shelf Life and Quality of Grapefruit

Thesis Info

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Author

Waseem Ahmed

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7062/1/Waseem_Ahmed_Horticulture_UAF_2015.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726358323

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Grapefruit is an important fruit crop in the world as well as in Pakistan. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different harvesting dates, storage temperatures, and pre-storage treatments of hot water, wax coating, pre-harvest spray of SA and Me JA on the shelf life and quality of Ray Ruby and Shamber grapefruit. The fruits harvested in month of December showed higher biochemical constituents than the fruits harvested during September, October, November and January. The fruits stored at 8ºC and analysed after 90 days storage showed minimum chilling injuries (3.55 and 3.22%) than the fruits stored at 6ºC (11.44 and 10.22%) in Ray Ruby and Shamber respectively. The fruits stored at 8ºC showed higher levels of TSS (6.67 and 6.97 ºBrix), ascorbic acids (38.87 and 39.21 mg/100g), total sugars (6.93 and 7.54 %), reducing sugars (4.33 and 4.93 %), non-reducing sugars (1.85 and1.08%), total phenolic compounds (135.35 and 141.56 mg GAE/100g), total antioxidants (57.56 and 61.97%), total cartotenoids (15.20 and13.81 mg/100g), total flavonoids contents (43.24 and 47.28 mgCEQ/100g ) and total limonin contents (10.18 and 12.84 μg/mL) 90 days after storage in Ray Ruby and Shamber fruits, respectively. Sweetness, sourness and general acceptances measured by sensory evaluation showed that the fruits stored at 8ºC were preferred by the panellist than the fruits stored at 6ºC as well as to those kept intact on the trees. Hot water treatment for 3 min + TBZ for 5 min showed higher TSS (6.82 and 6.98 ºBrix), ascorbic acids (34.43 and 43.50 mg/100g), total sugars (5.06 and 6.44%), reducing sugars (4.62 and 4.44%), nonreducing sugars (2.02 and 1.99%), TSS/acidity ratios (5.57 and 4.77), maximum organoleptic scores and higher phytonutrients such as total phenolic compounds (145.80 and149.90 mgGAE/100g), total antioxidants (57.25 and 60.44 %), total carotenoids (14.49 and 16.36 mg/100g), total flavonoids contents (49.03 and 51.98 mgCEQ/100g) and total limonin contents (11.97 and 10.99 μg/mL) with lower chilling injuries (0.66 and 0.44%) and fruit rots (4.44 and 3.88%) than untreated fruits in Ray Ruby and Shamber, respectively. Chitosan application @ 140 mg per -1 fruit maintained highest fruit quality parameters such as TSS values (6.93 and 7.21ºBrix), ascorbic acids (36.30 and 38.38 mg/100g), total sugars (6.24 and 6.67 %), reducing sugars (4.47, 4.71%), non-reducing sugars (1.76, 1.96%), TSS/acidity ratios (5.25 and 6.00) after 90 days storage in fruits of both cultivars. Maximum organoleptic scores, total phenolic compound (172.32 and 176.43 mgGAE/100g), total antioxidants (72.09 and 75.96 %), total carotenoids (17.09 and 18.98 mg/100g), total flavonoids contents (52.27 and 59.50 mgCEQ/100g ) and total 2 limonin contents (15.08 and 12.87 μg/mL) with minimum chilling injuries (1.58 and 1.33%) and fruit rots (0.66 and 0.33%) were also measured in same fruits. Pre-harvest sprays of SA@ 12mM and MeJA @ 5 mM showed higher biochemical parameters such as TSS (5.92 and 5.83, 6.17 and 6.09ºBrix), ascorbic acids (35.86 and 35.86, 39.17 and 39.17 mg/100g), total sugars (5.88 and 5.77, 6.31 and 6.18 %), reducing sugars (3.74 and 3.64% ,4.05 and 3.96%) and non-reducing sugars (2.14 and 2.14, 2.26 and 2.12%), TSS/acidity ratio values (4.29 and 4.67, 5.82 and 5.38 ) in fruits of Ray Ruby and Shamber respectively after 90 days storage. Maximum organoleptic scores for overall acceptance (7.33, 7.22 and 7.66,7.44) and higher total phenolic compounds (166.29 and 165.76,170.48 and 167.28 mgGAE/100g), total antioxidants (72.63 and 71.37, 75.34 and 74.21%), Total carotenoids (16.40 and 16.32,18.09 and 18.03 mg/100g), total flavonoids contents (55.74 and 53.43,58.30 and 56.04 mgCEQ/100g) and total limonin contents (11.95 and 12.04, 10.66, 10.78 μg/mL) with minimum chilling injuries (1.57 and 1.42 %, 0.0 and 0.0%) and fruit rots (4.23 and 3.90%, 0 and 0 %) were also recorded in same fruits. On the basis of the result of this study, the Ist December was observed as an optimum time for harvesting of grapefruit varities Ray Ruby and Shamber. Pre-harvest sprays of SA @ 12mM and MeJA @ 5Mm, pre- storage hot water treatment (53°C) for 3 mins + TBZ for 5 mints and Chitosan @ 140 mg per-1 fruit and storage temperature of 8°C was found the best for maintaining phytonutrient quality of grapefruit cultivars Ray Ruby and Shamber for 90 days storage.
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’’نیل کے سنگ‘‘ایک تاثر

نیل کے سنگ:ایک تاثر

                                                                                                ڈاکٹر شفیق انجم

                                                (نیشنل یونیورسٹی آف ماڈرن لینگویجز، نمل، اسلام آباد)

ہمارے محترم دوست ڈاکٹر الطاف یوسف زئی مرنجاں مرنج شخصیت ہیں۔ ملکوں ملک سیر کرتے ہیں خوش باش رہتے ہیں اور دوستوں کو خبر دیتے رہتے ہیں کہ بھئی زندگی کو یوں دیکھو۔ دنیا گول مٹول سی ایک گڑیا ہے، اس کے دھنک رنگ چہرے پہ نظریں جمائے رکھو اور چلتے رہو، زندگی بھلی لگے گی۔

ابھی کل ہی کی بات ہے ان کا سفر نامہ ’’تھائی لینڈ کے رنگ‘‘ پڑھا اور دیر تک اس کا جادو اثر دکھاتا رہا۔ اب ’’نیل کے سنگ‘‘ پڑھ رہا ہوں تو گویا دوہرے جادو کے حصار میں ہوں۔ مصر ایک ملک نہیں،ایک جادو نگری ہے۔ اس نگری کو جانے والے کم ہی سلامت دل لوٹتے ہیں۔ جہاں ایمان سنبھالے رکھنا بھی اک کام ہے لیکن دل کا جانا تو یقینی بات ہے۔ ڈاکٹر الطاف یوسف زئی نے بڑی کدو کاوش سے ایمان سنبھالے رکھا ہے لیکن دل کے معاملے میں حسبِ روایت جیت بازارِ مصر ہی کی ہوئی ہے۔ گو ہمارے مسافر کا سفر ایک علمی مقصد کے تحت تھا اور گو اس میں کچھ شک و شبہ نہیں کہ ہمارے مسافر کا سینہ وادیِ سوات کے منزہ پانیوں جیسا شفاف ہے لیکن مصر تو مصر ہے۔ باوضو نگاہیں بھی یہاں اس جادو کے سامنے بے بس ہو جاتی ہیں جو سامری کے زمانے سے بھی بہت پہلے نیل کی پیدائش کے ساتھ ہی اس مٹی پانی میں پھونک دیا گیا تھا۔

سفر نامے میں ایسے کئی مقامات آتے ہیں جہاں مسافر اس جادو کے زیرِ اثرعجب از خودرفتگی کے عالم میں نظر آتا ہے۔ مجھے وہ منظر بہت ہی بھلا لگا ہے جب کسی...

A CORRELATIONAL STUDY BETWEEN VOCABULARY MASTERY AND READING COMPREHENSION AT ECONOMIC FACULTY OF ALKHAIRAAT UNIVERSITY

This research is a correlational study with two variables – variable X standing for vocabulary mastery and variable Y standing for reading comprehension. There were three research questions: (1) What is the level of correlation between variable X and variable Y; (2) How significant is the contribution that can be given by variable X toward variable Y; and (3) Is there positive correlation between variable X and variable Y? The sample of this research was fifty students of the first semester at Economic Faculty of Alkhairaat University. The instruments were tests and questionnaire. Through tests, it was found that: (1) The level of correlation between variable X and variable Y was strong; (2) The significant contribution given by variable X toward variable Y was 52.8%, meaning variable X gave much contribution to variable Y; and (3) There was positive correlation between variable X and variable Y since the value of r-counted (0.727) was higher than the value of r-table (0.279). Through questionnaire, 46% respondents agreed that vocabulary took a role in helping them to comprehend English texts, meaning the more vocabulary they have, the better they are in comprehending English texts.

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Hypodermosis is an ectoparasitic disease of cattle caused by Hypoderma bovis and H lineatum. It is an important health issue in animals leading to substantial economic loss. In live animals, the diagnosis can be made either by direct clinical inspection of infected animals by applying palpation method based on 2 nd and 3 rd stage larvae or by using immunological diagnostic tools. The early diagnosis of hypodermosis is a prerequisite of efficient disease management. Therefore, in the present study, ELISA was performed to diagnose the antibodies to H. lineatum in animal sera. Fifty positive cattle were selected for the collection of larvae L 1 (1st instars) and blood samples. The larvae L 1 (1st instars) were processed for antigen preparation and sera was used for the validation of ELISA. Composition of antigen was determined by using SDS-PAGE. Protein (HyC) was purified by dialysis method and by ion exchange chromatography. Both, crude and purified HyC antigen was used for the ELISA development. One thousand blood samples were taken from the fields. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated from the optical density (OD) of sera. Direct clinical inspection and serology of infested animals were used for monitoring hypodermosis in Northern Punjab (Pakistan). Two hundred cattle with prominent nodules appearing in December - January were selected for comparison between developed ELISA and direct palpation method. The seroepidemiological information was sought out in the prescribed questionnaire having relevant information to generate epidemiological profile. The data from one thousand animals belonging to different villages were recorded based on the epidemiological factors. Seroepidemiological factor like District, village, grazing pattern, sex, type, location, age, breed, previous exposure and herd were studied in the present study. Statistical analysis shows that grazing pattern, location, age, type, xxiiibreed, sex medication and previous exposure has a significant impact in the prevalence of bovine hypodermosis. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to map the risks factors of hypodermosis in Northern Punjab. GIS risk mapping method was based on herd size, min, max, aver, temperature range, rainfall, relative air humidity and prevalence rate for prediction of the disease. Present study was also proposing the comprehensive information capable of being used for controlling hypodermosis. The geographical map of different districts and villages were developed showing the degree of infestation in different locations. Cluster analysis showed that different area had different zones for the prevalence of bovine hypodermosis. Statistical analysis shows that the temperature in the months of January, February, March, August and November while the precipitation in month of September and October has significant results, when all the risks factors were analyzed. These findings were used for accurate and early diagnosis of bovine hypodermosis, to scan distribution pattern of bovine hypodermosis in Northern Punjab, for the development of suitable control strategies to minimize bovine hypodermosis and to suggest effective control strategies to reduce economic losses. GIS model is also applied for mapping risk area in other agro-ecological regions of Pakistan and developed ELISA which could be used to diagnose bovine hypodermosis in other agro-ecological regions of Pakistan. Vaccination would be suggested by using Hypodermin A antigen to minimize warble fly infestation rate. GIS model can also be applied for mapping risk area and eradication of bovine hypodermosis in other agro-ecological regions of Pakistan.