موجودہ وبائی ماحول میں عسل کی طبی افادیت جدیدسائنس اور اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں

 Honey is an unparalleled treasure of medicinal properties. Honey has the ability to strengthen the human body's immune system. Therefore, the use of honey and other natural foods is extremely beneficial and effective in current epidemic environment. Honey is one of the most appreciated and valued natural blessing of Allah for human being. Medicinal importance of honey hase been described in Holy Quran. Holy prophet (SAW) has advised to use honey because honey provides body instant energy. There are several varieties of honey are found in different areas of the world. Honey has been taken for research because of its nutritional popularity and medicinal quality. Honey is high in important nutrients of benefits and uses. Honey contains carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and a significant amount of fiber. Nutrients of honey can improve digestive system by preventing constipation. Immunity system can be improved by using honey in epidemic environment. Honey is a source of fructose, which does not harm patients of diabetes. The fructose makes a better substitute for sugar because of the fiber, nutrients and antioxidants. Honey is comprised of several minerals including phosphorus, iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Honey has very small amount of protein and fats. This research paper analyzes ingredients and minerals of honey in Islamic perspective. The research work highlights medical benefits of honey in the light of modern science and Islamic teachings in the current epidemic environment.

Development, Characterization and In-Vivo Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals

Background: Oral drug delivery is a great challenge for poorly water soluble drugs. In the past various techniques have been adopted to improve the solubility of lipophilic drugs. Major problem associated with oral drug delivery system is poor bioavailability that is attributed to low solubility and permeability. A pharmaceutical cocrystal is one of the recent techniques for the modification of various pharmaceutical parameters of drugs such as solubility, stability, dissolution and bioavailability. Various cocrystal formers i.e., citric acid, benzoic acid, glutaric acid, glycolic acid, tartaric acid and nicotinamide etc. have been utilized for this purpose. Glipizide belongs to second generation sulphonylureas have low solubility and high permeability. Efforts have been made for solubility enhancement of glipizide through various techniques. However, cocrystalization is another emerging technique for solubility enhancement of BCS-II class drug glipizide. Objective of study: The aim of present work was to develop pharmaceutical cocrystals for solubility enhancement of glipizide using citric acid, nicotinamide, glutaric acid and glycolic acid as a coformer. Statement of novelty: Pharmaceutical cocrystalization technique has adopted in this work for solubility enhancement of poorly water soluble drug, glipizide. So, novelty lies in the synthesis of glipizide cocrystals using different coformers and techniques for improvement of solubility, dissolution as well as in-vivo performance of drug. Methodology: Cocrystals were prepared by four reported methods i.e., solid state grinding, liquid assisted grinding, slurry and solvent evaporation. The effect of formulation parameters such as coformer type, ratio of coformer used as well as type of method employed was studied on solubility and drug release. On the basis of invitro drug release and solubility studies, optimum formulations were selected for further characterization. Micromeritic studies were performed to determine the flow properties of synthesized cocrystals. Particle size was confirmed by optical microscopy and zeta sizer analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were performed for structural analysis, crystallinity, thermal stability and surface Page XXII morphology determination, respectively. In-vivo studies of optimum formulations i.e., glipizide-citric acid (GPZ-CA) and glipizide-nicotinamide (GPZ-NICO) cocrystals were conducted to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of glipizide. Statistical analysis was also performed through univariate analysis of variance (UANOVA) at 5% level of significance (p-value) to determine the significance of results. Results: GPZ-CA, GPZ-NICO, GPZ-GLU and GPZ-GLY cocrystals were synthesized successfully. Solubility of glipizide was significantly enhanced by cocrystals in water as well as in buffers of pH 1.2 and pH 6.8. Solubility of GPZ-CA cocrystals in distilled water was found 54.75 folds and 55.75 folds from F1 and F8 formulations, respectively. Optimum formulations of GPZ-NICO cocrystals showed 69.5 folds (F2) and 73 folds (F6) increase in water solubility. GPZ-GLU cocrystals showed 53 folds and 54.27 folds improved solubility in distilled water from optimum formulations F3 and F7, respectively. However, solubility enhancement in case of GPZ-GLY cocrystals was found as 52 folds (F4) and 53 folds (F8) from optimum formulations as compared to pure drug. All formulated cocrystals were having good flow properties as confirmed by micromeritic analysis. Optical microscopy and zeta sizer confirmed the particle size of cocrystals in micrometric to nanometric range. SEM revealed variable surface morphology of cocrystals. Presence of glipizide in the form of white steaks on cocrytals was confirmed by SEM. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of cocrystals. Thermal stability was confirmed by thermal analysis of formulations. Crystalline nature of formulated cocrystals was confirmed by PXRD. Release of glipizide from prepared cocrystals was found to be higher when compared to conventional glipizide. However, maximum drug release was observed at pH 6.8 than pH 1.2 from all formulations. In-vivo studies presented higherCmax and improved pharmacokinetic parameters i.e., AUC(0-24), AUMC(0-24) and shortened Tmax as compared to glipizide in the form of powder. Conclusion: Hence, it was concluded that cocrystals could pave the way for development of an improved design strategy to overcome the solubility and dissolution problems associated with BCS-II class drugs.