The utilization of groundwater resources in irrigation has significantly increased during the last two decades, due to limited surface water supplies. More than 70% of the farmers in the Punjab province of Pakistan depend directly or indirectly on groundwater to meet their crop water demands and hence, unchecked paradigm shift has resulted in aquifer depletion and deterioration consequently, affected the agriculture. The problem could become more severe in its nature and distribution if special attention is not given on improving groundwater quality and its future scenario. Therefore, a comprehensive research was carried at central Punjab regarding spatio-temporal variation in groundwater level and quality and consequently the impact of deteriorated groundwater quality on the agricultural productivity. For this purpose a detailed analysis of existing groundwater level and quality patterns from 2003 to 2012 were carried out using field inventory and GIS mapping. Processing MODFLOW for window (PMWIN) model was used for future prediction of groundwater level and quality up to the year 2030. The comprehensive data set of aquifer lithology (soil texture, hydraulic conductivity, specific storage, specific yield and porosity), canal network, groundwater level, groundwater salinity, evapotranspiration, groundwater abstraction, recharge etc. were used in PMWIN development. The model was thus, successfully calibrated and validated with respect to groundwater level for the periods of 2003 to 2007 and 2008 to 2012, respectively. For solute transport model (MT3D), advection and dispersion parameters were used. Two scenarios were developed such as Scenario-I (increase in groundwater pumping according to historical trend) and Scenario-II (adjusted canal water supplies and groundwater patterns). The model predicted results of scenario-I revealed that the groundwater would decline with the rate of 0.0131 to 1.68m/year during 2013 to 2030 and the maximum decline would be on the middle and lower sides of the study area. Similarly, the predicted TDS of the groundwater would increase from 6.88 to 69.88mg/L/year during 2013 to 2030 and the maximum increase would be on lower side. This lowering of groundwater level can cause increase in the tubewell installation and pumping cost. In scenario-I, the good quality would xviii reduce by 21.4%, while marginal and hazardous quality water increased by 19.28 and 2%, respectively. The results of scenario-II indicated that if the groundwater abstraction is increased by 35% and irrigation recharge is decreased by 35% in upper part of the study area while for lower part, abstraction is decreased by 35% and irrigation recharge is increased by 35%, there will be an overall decline in groundwater levels by 3-4m on the average for the upper part of the study area and a recovery of groundwater level about 2m on the average for the lower part of the study area. Similarly, there would be an overall improvement in groundwater quality in the lower part by 250mg/L and an average deterioration in groundwater quality upto 500mg/L in the upper part of the study area. The comparison of both scenarios up to year 2030 shows that in scenario-II, there was 6.32% more good quality area and 12.48% less hazardous quality. Thus, an alternative conjunctive surface and groundwater irrigation policy between the upper and lower part of study area can provide a mean for sustainable water management for the study area. The impact of groundwater quality on agricultural productivity and farmers’ income was observed using hydro-economic model (double log production function). The analysis of hydro-economic model results indicated that the farmers associated with good quality groundwater zone had 11.46 and 25.69% more benefits in term of income than marginal and hazardous quality zones, respectively. The regression analysis showed that the one percent increase in TDS (mg/L) resulted decrease in the gross value of crop (GVP) up to 0.081 and 0.526 percent for marginal and hazardous quality zones, respectively. So, it is recommended that integrated agronomic and engineering useful practices should be applied for meliorate management of groundwater. Comparatively, more canal water should be applied in low quality groundwater zones than the good quality groundwater zone.
پیش لفظ اْردو ادب سے رشتہ جوڑتے ہی میںنے گلزار ادب سے ایک ایسے پھول توڑنے کی کوشش کی ہے جس کے توڑنے سے دل و دماغ کی انگلیوں کوگھائل ہونے سے بچانا مشکل نہیں بلکہ ناممکن بھی تھا۔ یہ تجربہ میری زندگی کا پہلا اور مشکل تجربہ ثابت ہوا اوریہ احساس ہوا کہ کسی شخصیت پر قلم اْٹھانا اور کسی شخصیت کی فکر اور سوچ کے پوشید ہ گوشوں کی نقاب کشائی کرنا کس قدر کٹھن کام ہے۔ آج یہ کام محنت ، لگن اور بالخصوص اللہ کے فضل وکرم سے اپنے پایہ تکمیل کوپہنچا جوکہ میرے لیے باعث افتخار و مسرت ہے۔ اس ضمن میں بڑی خوشی ہوتی ہے کہ محترم شاعرؔصدیقی جیسے کہنہ مشق سخن ور کی فکر کے در یچوں میں جھانکنے کا موقع ملا اور ان کو قارئین کے سامنے لانے کی ایک کوشش کی۔ شاعرؔصدیقی کا شمار دبستان کراچی کے ممتاز و معروف شعرا میں ہوتاہے جن کا شعری سفر تقریباًسات دہائیوںپرپھیلاہواہے۔شاعرؔصدیقی کااصل نام عبدالرزاق خان ہے۔ آپ یکم فروری۱۹۳۳ء کو کلکتہ میں عبدالغفار خان کے ہاں پیدا ہوئے جو ریلوے میں ملازم تھے۔ابتدائی تعلیم کلکتہ سے حاصل کی تقسیم ہندکے وقت ہجرت کرکے مشرقی پاکستان کے شہر ڈھاکہ چلے آئے۔ اْنہوں نے شاعری کا باقاعدہ آغاز۱۹۴۹ئمیں کیا تھا جب وہ میٹرک کے طالب علم تھے۔ شاعرؔصدیقی ایک ہمہ جہت شخصیت ہیں انھوں نے اْردو شاعری میں غزل،نظم،گیت ،قطعہ،رباعی ، اور دوہا جیسے مقبول اصناف سخن پر طبع آزمائی کی ہے جس میں اْن کی فکری بلندی فنی پختگی کے ساتھ نمایاں ہے۔تحقیق کرتے وقت میرے سامنے بہت سارے موضوعات تھے لیکن شاعرؔصدیقی کے کلام کو پڑھتے ہوئے صحیح معنوں میں، مَیں نے یہ بات محسوس کی کہ گویا یہ بھی میرے دل میں تھا۔ اگرچہ یہ کام مجھ جیسے طالب علم کے لیے مشکل بھی تھا اور باعث فخربھی...
Hukum keluarga merupakan inti syari’ah dan memiliki posisi penting dalam Islam. Umat Islam beranggapan bahwa hukum keluarga merupakan pintu gerbang untuk mendalami agama Islam. Karena itulah hukum keluarga diakui sebagai dasar dalam pembentukan masyarakat Muslim. Secara global disebutkan hanya dalam hukum keluarga, syari’at Islam berlaku bagi banyak bahkan seluruh umat Islam di dunia.Namun, perkembangan zaman serta perubahan kondisi dalam kehidupan membuat hukum yang telah ditetapkan dalam Nash atau Ulama-ulama fikih mengalami pembaharuan. Pembaharuan hukum keluarga di berbagai negara Islam tidak lepas dari dinamika reformasi yang ingin melakukan unifikasi hukum baik untuk menyatukan dua madzhab besar (Sunni dan syi’i) atau menyatukan berbagai agama. Salah satu negara di Asia Tenggara yang melakukan pembaharuan hukum keluarga adalah Brunei Darussalam. Dalam MIB (Melayu Islam Beraja) yang merupakan ideologi negara Brunei Darussalam termaktub di dalamnya penetapan ahl Sunnah wal jama’ah (dari sisi akidahnya) dan madzhab Syafi’i (dari sisi fikihnya). Tuntutan melakukan pengembangan dan pembaharuan terhadap hukum keluarga akibat perkembangan zaman Akan terus dilakukan jika dirasa ketentuan hukum klasik sudah tidak dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan di era modern ini.
Background: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) has now been in clinical use for years and it has replaced other treatment techniques for the treatment of Urinary Tract Calculi. ESWL is a non-invasive method for the treatment of renal and ureteral stones. The current range of its indications includes majority of non-selected urinary stone treatment. It is used among the patients with more complex stones in the urinary tract. It has revolutionized the treatment of urinary calculi and it should be considered the treatment of choice for renal stones smaller than 2 cms. The success rate of this procedure is ranging from 60 to 90% in the available literature. To the best of researcher’s knowledge, no published data related to the outcomes and factors associated with Lithotripsy among patients with Urinary Tract stones is available in Afghanistan context. Objective: The current study is aimed to determine the outcomes of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in the treatment of urinary tract stones and its associated factors at French Medical Institute for Children, Kabul Afghanistan.Methodology: An analytical hospital based retrospective study design was employed. Records of 293 participants who had undergone Lithotripsy procedure at FMIC hospital with the help of a structured check list was extracted by using purposive sampling. The data was collected from the available records during the period of 2008 to 2015. Chi-square test XII of indepedence was run to identify the factors associated with outcomes of Lithotripsy procedure. Results: Our study findings have identified the overall success rate of Lithotripsy procedure as 68.4%. The findings of the study have also revealed that majority of the participants 51.36% had successful, 5.12% of participants had partially and 43.20% of participants’ stones had incomplete broken stones as an outcome of first time Lithotripsy. Among patients, who had undergone second time Lithotripsy procedure, 60.97% had successful and 39.02 % had unsuccessful broken stones. Factors like gender and size of stone were significantly associated with outcomes of first time lithotripsy in this population. On the other hand, we could not determine any association between successful outcomes and second time lithotripsy. Conclusion: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy is one of the cheap and non-invasive, procedures which induce fewer complications which can be managed spontaneously in short period of time. The findings of this study and the available literature shows that ESWL is an effective procedure for the management of Urinary Calculi. Our study has reported a success