The importance of reservoirs, lakes and dams for drinking water supply, irrigation, flood control and electricity generation is widely acknowledged across the globe. In Pakistan, half of the electricity production is made through hydropower plants and dams. Pakistan is highly dependent on water generated, from the snow and ice melting in the mountainous regions of Karakoram. The water available in these catchments comes mainly from snow and glaciers melt. However, these watersheds are highly sensitive to climate change. Pakistan is one of the high risk countries considering the adverse effects of global warming due to its particular geography and climate. Variation of temperature and precipitation trends already resulted in alternative droughts and floods at various places. Consequently, the quantification of these changes at the right time is an important challenge for water resources managers. This study presents the comparison of two different models commonly used to simulate snow and ice melt in the high altitude snow covered mountainous watersheds. Two types of methods are commonly used to quantify the melting i.e. physics-based energy-balance model and the conceptual Positive Degree-Day Index (PDDI) model. The energy-balance based model calculated all the available energy fluxes to quantify melt. On the other hand temperature index based models consider melt as function of air temperature. The objective of this study is to analyze the differences of these models and assess their ability to simulate runoff in high altitude catchment with glacio-nival runoff regimes. This detail report details the comparison of these two melt methods in three high altitude catchments. A unique approach is implemented by using one numerical model framework to run both the melt schemes i.e EB and TI. Alpine3D has been modified to run TI melt scheme to let on investigate the associated uncertainties of each modeling approach. This approach will be expected to eliminate various uncertainty sources including errors that may come from the use of variety of interpolation schemes augmented in different tools. For better comparison and analysis, the model system was driven on three high-altitude glaciated basins. Two out of three study basins (Damma and Arolla) are located in Switzerland whereas; third basin (Passu) is located in Pakistan. These catchments represent different kinds of glaciers and have been selected due to their catchment area, input data coverage and other hydro-meteorological and climatic data availability. The quick convergence of the degree-day model to reasonable results is observed, even if its limits are discussed. On the other hand, the high sensitivity of the energy-balance model to input datasets is noticed, particularly to wind speed which leads to melt overestimation in Damma catchment. Moreover, the air temperature overestimation due to the presence of katabatic winds on the Damma glacier is found to explain the remaining melt overestimation revealed by this model. Consequently, improvements are suggested to obtain more robust results with the energy-balance model. As a first step, wind speed is corrected by using new weather stations located at high altitude. Whereas, EB melt model demonstrated high performance at Arolla Catchment. This is because; highly representative meteorological data set was used from local weather stations located near the catchment boundary. In addition model was driven with the available temperature data measured at a 2 meter height and better represents the glacier surface conditions. On the other hand, both the model types failed represent the correct melt and discharge dynamics at Passu glacier mainly due to the non-availability of quality data sets. This shortcoming limited the thorough comparison of the models at this place. However this report highlight the importance and improvements needed and provides a firm base for energy balance modeling and this kind of comparison in Pakistan. Relative difference between the Energy Balance and Temperature Index simulations by a distributed energy balance model was very small despite the use of a simplified basic TI melt scheme without on-site calibration. This reveals that the use a highly accurate energy balance model SNOWPACK and Alpine3D have diminished various sources uncertainties. This report concludes that testing two melt schemes in a single model plays a very important role towards understanding melt dynamics and catchment hydrology. Special attention must be given to model calibration procedure for such kind of comparison. Quality input data sets and a long term measurement record plays a vital role in accuracy. EB balance based melt models are highly sensitive to the meteorological input variables and their correct spatial representation, which is extremely hard to achieve especially in rugged high altitude glacier rich terrains.
علامہ اقبال کی فارسی شاعری کا یہ تیسرا مجموعہ کلام ہے جو مئی 1923 ء میں شائع ہوا ۔ اس مجموعہ کلام کو بہت پسند کیا گیا۔ مارچ 1924ء میں دوسری بار شائع کرنا پڑا۔ 1929ء میں یہ تیسری بار شائع ہوا۔ اس میں رباعیات بھی ہیں۔ نظمیں بھی ہیں اور غزلیں بھی ہیں ۔ سرِ ورق سے عیاں ہے کہ یہ جرمن شاعر گوئٹے کے دیوان مغرب کے جواب میں لکھا گیا ہے۔ اس میں” لالہ طور " کے تحت رباعیاں ہیں۔ "افکار" میں نظمیں ہیں۔ " مے باقی " میں غزلیات ہیں۔ نقش فرنگ اور خردہ کو آخر میں شامل کیا گیا ہے۔ اس کے کئی ترجمے ہوئے۔مغرب اپنی کمزور اور سر دروحانیت سے بیزار ہو کر مشرق کے سینے سے حرارت کا متلاشی ہے۔ اس لیے اقبال نے اپنے اس مجموعہ کلام کو گوئٹے کے دیوان کا جواب قرار دیا ہے۔
Pakistan’s economy is firmly linked to agriculture and food production. Since the inception of the country, no real land reforms have been undertaken, and the rural elite remains a major force in controlling agricultural land. At the same time, since the 1990s the country has also followed a neoliberal agenda, through the International Monetary Fund led structural adjustment programs, and then later after Pakistan’s entrance in the World Trade Organisation in1995. The trade liberalisation agenda of the advanced capitalist countries, especially the United States, have been consistently implemented in the country. In this context, it is clear that at least two different levels of political and economic forces are present in the rural economy. There is also no doubt that Pakistan also has a strong patriarchal society, which governs the social and economic norms of society.
Keeping in view the low fertilizer and water use efficiency of autumn sugarcane in Pakistan, a research project was initiated at the research area of the Rukh Bibi campus of Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan and Main Line Lower Land Reclamation Research Station Chak No 37 TDA (Thal Development Authority) Bhakkar during 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 to provide a practicable package of resource conservation technology to sugarcane growers under arid envirnment. Three experiments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement, replicated 4 times. The net plot size was 24m 2 . Approved sugarcane variety HSF 240 was used in all experiments. In first experiment four NPK doses F 1 (0-0-0), F 2 (100-100-100), F 3 (150-150-100), F 4 (200-200-100) and F 5 (250- 200-100) kg ha -1 and four planting patterns like G 1 (60), G 2 (75) cm spaced single row planting pattern, G 3 (30/90), and G 4 (30/120) cm spaced paired row strip planting pattern were studied. In secand experiment four available soil moisture depletion levels (ASMDL) including ASMDL 1 (20%), ASMDL 2 (40%), ASMDL 3 (60%) and ASMDL 4 (80%), four planting patterns viz. G 1 (60), G 2 (75) cm spaced single row planting pattern and G 3 (30/90), G 4 (30/120) cm spaced paired row strip planting pattern were studied. In third experiment four Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) levels viz. NAA 0 (control), NAA 1 (60), NAA 2 (120) and NAA 3 (180) ml ha -1 were applied at four plant growth stages S 1 (Germination), S 2 (Tiller formation), S 3 (Cane formation) and S 4 (Cane maturity) stage. Data were recorded on various growth and yield parameters like germination %, number of shoots m -2 , shoot dry weight (SDW), Crop growth rate (CGR), Leaf area index (LAI), Leaf area duration (LAD), Net assimilation rate (NAR), number of millable canes m -2 , weight per stripped cane, cane length; cane diameter, stripped-cane yield, sugar yield (SY), benefit cost ratio (BCR), fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) in all experiments. In first trail under arid conditions on silty clay and sandy loam soils, the highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) were obtained from the combination of 200–200-100 kg NPK ha -1 and 30/90 cm spaced paired row strip planting pattern. In secand trail, maximum economic benefit was obtained by irrigating sugarcane crop at 40% ASMD level and planting it in 30/90 cm spaced paired row strips under arid conditions on silty clay and sandy loam soils. In the third trail maximum economic benefit was obtained from normal investment by applying 120 ml NAA ha -1 at tiller formation stage and maximum sugar recovery percentage was obtained by applying 180 ml of NAA ha -1 at cane maturity stage on silty clay and sandy loam soils. xix It is concluded that sugarcane growers of arid areas can get maximum return from sandy loam and silty clay soils, when sugarcane is planted in 30/90 cm spaced paired row strips with fertilizer dose of 200:200:100 kg NPK ha -1 and field is irrigated at 40% ASMD level with one foliar spray of NAA at the rate of 120 ml ha -1 is applied at tiller formation stage. Production technology evolved through this research has following implications. NAA can also be used as cane ripener and one folier spray of 180 ml NAA ha -1 at cane maturity stage gives maximum sugar recovery percentage. Better water and fertilizer use efficiency of autumn sugarcane on above mentioned soils due to enhanced light interception. Cultural operations in standing crop like irrigation, fertilization, weeding, hoeing, earthing up and foliar spray of pesticides are easily carried out as ample interstrip space is available. Minimum lodging was observed due to avilability of adequate space among the paired row strips. There is also better scope for intercroping to get additional benefits.