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Home > Hydrological Response of Snow Covered Glaciated Catchments to Energy Balance and Temperature Index Methods

Hydrological Response of Snow Covered Glaciated Catchments to Energy Balance and Temperature Index Methods

Thesis Info

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Author

Shakoor, Abdul

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Engineering and Technology

City

Taxila

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Water Resources Engineering

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12372/1/abdul%20shakoor%20water%20resource%202019%20uet%20taxila%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726381984

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The importance of reservoirs, lakes and dams for drinking water supply, irrigation, flood control and electricity generation is widely acknowledged across the globe. In Pakistan, half of the electricity production is made through hydropower plants and dams. Pakistan is highly dependent on water generated, from the snow and ice melting in the mountainous regions of Karakoram. The water available in these catchments comes mainly from snow and glaciers melt. However, these watersheds are highly sensitive to climate change. Pakistan is one of the high risk countries considering the adverse effects of global warming due to its particular geography and climate. Variation of temperature and precipitation trends already resulted in alternative droughts and floods at various places. Consequently, the quantification of these changes at the right time is an important challenge for water resources managers. This study presents the comparison of two different models commonly used to simulate snow and ice melt in the high altitude snow covered mountainous watersheds. Two types of methods are commonly used to quantify the melting i.e. physics-based energy-balance model and the conceptual Positive Degree-Day Index (PDDI) model. The energy-balance based model calculated all the available energy fluxes to quantify melt. On the other hand temperature index based models consider melt as function of air temperature. The objective of this study is to analyze the differences of these models and assess their ability to simulate runoff in high altitude catchment with glacio-nival runoff regimes. This detail report details the comparison of these two melt methods in three high altitude catchments. A unique approach is implemented by using one numerical model framework to run both the melt schemes i.e EB and TI. Alpine3D has been modified to run TI melt scheme to let on investigate the associated uncertainties of each modeling approach. This approach will be expected to eliminate various uncertainty sources including errors that may come from the use of variety of interpolation schemes augmented in different tools. For better comparison and analysis, the model system was driven on three high-altitude glaciated basins. Two out of three study basins (Damma and Arolla) are located in Switzerland whereas; third basin (Passu) is located in Pakistan. These catchments represent different kinds of glaciers and have been selected due to their catchment area, input data coverage and other hydro-meteorological and climatic data availability. The quick convergence of the degree-day model to reasonable results is observed, even if its limits are discussed. On the other hand, the high sensitivity of the energy-balance model to input datasets is noticed, particularly to wind speed which leads to melt overestimation in Damma catchment. Moreover, the air temperature overestimation due to the presence of katabatic winds on the Damma glacier is found to explain the remaining melt overestimation revealed by this model. Consequently, improvements are suggested to obtain more robust results with the energy-balance model. As a first step, wind speed is corrected by using new weather stations located at high altitude. Whereas, EB melt model demonstrated high performance at Arolla Catchment. This is because; highly representative meteorological data set was used from local weather stations located near the catchment boundary. In addition model was driven with the available temperature data measured at a 2 meter height and better represents the glacier surface conditions. On the other hand, both the model types failed represent the correct melt and discharge dynamics at Passu glacier mainly due to the non-availability of quality data sets. This shortcoming limited the thorough comparison of the models at this place. However this report highlight the importance and improvements needed and provides a firm base for energy balance modeling and this kind of comparison in Pakistan. Relative difference between the Energy Balance and Temperature Index simulations by a distributed energy balance model was very small despite the use of a simplified basic TI melt scheme without on-site calibration. This reveals that the use a highly accurate energy balance model SNOWPACK and Alpine3D have diminished various sources uncertainties. This report concludes that testing two melt schemes in a single model plays a very important role towards understanding melt dynamics and catchment hydrology. Special attention must be given to model calibration procedure for such kind of comparison. Quality input data sets and a long term measurement record plays a vital role in accuracy. EB balance based melt models are highly sensitive to the meteorological input variables and their correct spatial representation, which is extremely hard to achieve especially in rugged high altitude glacier rich terrains.
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ملازمت

ملازمت

                ناطق بچپن ہی سے بہت محنتی تھے اس لیے سکول سے واپس آنے کے بعد اپنے والد اور بھائیوں کے ساتھ کھیتوں میں کام کیا کرتے تھے۔ناطق نے’’اے ایس آئی‘‘ اور اس کے بعد ’’سیکنڈ لیفٹنٹ‘‘ کے لیے بھی ٹریننگ میں حصہ لیا مگر قسمت کو کچھ اور ہی منظور تھا دونوں جگہ ہی ٹریننگ کو ادھورا چھوڑ دیاکیوں کہ ان کی طبیعت مطمئن نہ ہوسکی۔ایک پرائیویٹ کمپنی میں بطور سپر وائزر کام کیا لیکن اسے بھی چار سال کے بعد چھوڑ دیا۔

                انہوں نے جب اپنے ابا جان سے باہر کے ممالک کی ثقافت کے بارے میں سنا توخود بھی وہاں چلے گئے۔وہاں محنت مزدوری کی ،پیٹ پالنے کی غرض سے چھوٹے سے چھوٹا کام کرنے میں بھی عار محسوس نہیں کی۔ انہوں نے وہاں لوگوں کے اونٹ بھی چرائے ،کھجور ڈھونے کاکام بھی کرتے رہے لیکن جیسا ان کی طبیعت میں ہی پایا جاتا ہے کہ کسی بھی کام میں مستقل مزاج نہ رہے وہاں سے بھی سب کچھ چھوڑ چھاڑ کر پاکستان واپس آن بسے اور یہاں آکے دوبارہ معماری کا کام شروع کردیا۔ ناطق نے ایک شاپ کے انچارج ہونے سے لے کر معلم کے تمام فرائض ادا کیے۔معماری کے کام کو خیر آباد کرنے کے بعد جو کام شروع کیا وہ ایک بک شاپ کے انچارج کا تھا۔

                انہوں نے 2006ء میں ’’اکادمی ادبیات اسلام آباد‘‘میں بطور انچارج خدمات سر انجام دیں۔2006 ء سے لے کر2009ء یعنی تین سال تک وہاں ادب کی خدمت کی۔ 2009ء میں اکادمی ادبیات اسلام آبادسے کام چھوڑ کر’’فیڈرل ڈائریکٹریٹ آف ایجوکیشن‘‘ میں نوکری کی۔ وہاں خوب محنت اور دل جمعی سے کام کیا مگر کچھ سال کی ملازمت کے بعد ہی اس نوکری کو بھی خیرآباد کہہ دیا اور’’مقتدرہ قومی...

الامام ضیاء المقدسی و منھجہ فی کتابہ الاحادیث المختارۃ

Different scholars have compiled the books which contain a large numbers of authentic Ahadith (Ahadith Sahiha), to achieve this purpose, they introduced different hadith sciences to distinguish between the true and the fabricated hadith. The authentic Sunnah is contained within the vast body of Hadith literature. One of them is Imam Zia ul Maqdasi. Imam Zia Uddin Muhammad bin Abdul Wahid Maqdasi’s book “Al Ahadith al Makhtara” is one of the best books of its kind. Many Islamic scholars have declared it better than Imam Hakim’s book Al Mustadrak. Allama Iraqi, one of his contemporaries said that the Ahadith given in his book Al Ahadith al Makhtara were not ascertained to be authentic before. Only those Ahadith have been given in this book whose asaneed are correct but they have not been reported by Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim. Also, one of the strengths of this book is that it reflects the glimpses of Muajam. Imam Maqdasi wrote this book in the manner of Masaneed that is to say that he mentioned the name of the companion of the Holy Prophet (SAW) and then reported his traditions. Sometimes he also indicates the factors responsible for the interruption in the authenticity of Ahadith. But, sadly, Imam Maqdasi passed away and could not complete this great book. In this article I will discuss the Imam Zia ul Maqdasi approach towards “Ahadith Sahiha” in his book Al Ahadith ul Mukhtara.

The Impact of a Multimodal Approach to Pre-Emptive Analgesia on Postoperative Pain and Analgesic Requirements for Patients Undergoing Orthopaedic Lower Limb Surgery at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi: A Single Blind Randomised Controlled Trial

Study Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative morphine-sparing and pain reducing effects of a preemptive, multimodal, perioperative analgesic regimen incorporating the use of preincisional intrathecal blockade plus parenteral anti-inflammatory agents, in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery. Study design: Prospective Single blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Study setting: The Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: 44 ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery were randomly allocated into two groups of 22 patients each. Patients in the Intervention group were given a preincisional subarachnoid injection of 15mg hyperbaric Bupivacaine and 25mcg Fentanyl, plus, parenteral Paracetamol 20mg/kg and Diclofenac 1mg/kg. Patients in the Control group received a standardized general anaesthetic protocol consisting of Midazolam and Propofol, Oxygen, N2O, Isoflurane and cis-atracurium. Analgesia intraoperatively was maintained by remifentanil 0.1-0.3mcg/kg/min with Paracetamol 20mg/kg and Diclofenac 1mg/kg given at the end of surgery. PCA morphine 2mg/ml was instituted once the patient complained of pain. Intramuscular rescue doses of 10mg morphine were administered on patient request. Visual analog score (VAS) was used to assess pain over 48 hours, the cumulative PCA morphine dose and the total number of morphine rescue doses requested were calculated and compared for both groups. Results: 44 consecutive patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery completed the study (Intervention group, n=22; Control group n=22). The cumulative PCA morphine consumption at 2, 24 and 48 hours following patient first request for the control and intervention groups were 6.72 ± 6.33mg versus 5.72 ± 7.62mg ( P=0.6383), 19.682 ± 16.50mg versus 24.09 ± 17.83mg (P=0.3995), 34.409 ± 32.99mg versus 34.818 ± 23.11mg (P=0.9622) respectively. The mean difference in the number of Intramuscular 10mg morphine rescue doses requested by the patients between the control and intervention groups at 48 hours was 8.1818 ± 19.673 versus 3.2727 ± 9.228 (P=0.295). The median VAS at 2 hours was significantly lower in the intervention than control group, 5 ± 2.17 versus 3 ± 2.37 (P=0.0068). VAS at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours postoperatively were not significantly different between the two groups. The McGill pain questionnaire present pain intensity showed a significant difference between the control and intervention group, 2.31 ± 0.70 versus 1.81 ± 0.65 (P=0.00001). There was no significant difference in the pain rating index between the control and intervention group, 8.681 ± 2.46 versus 8.59 ± 2.30 (P= 0.8998). Conclusion: A non-statistically significant trend towards a