الفواعل الدرامية للصورة الفوتوغرافية في الفضاء الروائي - رواية "شتاء العائلة" للكاتب علي بدر أنموذجاً

الملخص: يقدم البحث رؤية نقدية بمنظار المقاربة الجمالية لأهم علامات التواصل الأيقوني –الصورة الفوتوغرافية، وبما تقدم من العرض عن مفهوم الصورة والكلمة بوصفهما وسط نسيجي مركب من العلامة الكلمية والصورية المتداخلة؛ لطبيعتهما السيميائية، وتداولها خطاباً يثري السرد ويغني الأحداث بتوجهه الدلالي، وبما تحمله الصورة من كفاءة وقوة بإيقاع النظام التواصلي، وما يكمن فيها من عناصر إفهاميه تمكّن من ادراك البعد المقصدي، وما لها من تأثير على القارئ وتوجيه لما فيه فائدة اجتماعية وإنسانية ونفسية، لذا فقد تمركزت محاور البحث على وصف الرسالة البصرية القائمة على اهم المحاور الكلاسيكة التي ابتدعها جاكبسون: المرسل (مبتدع النص)، المرسل اليه (المتلقي)، الرسالة (الصورة/ الكلمة)، والتركيز على اهم المرتكزات الثلاث (الصورة/ الكلمة) بوصفهما اشتغالا في المقاربة السيميولوجية، ضمن مجال البلاغة الرمزية ومدى تفوقهما في استحضار المعنى وقوفا عند الصورة الفوتوغرافية بالاعتماد على اهم أيقوناتها عبر بنية النص الصغرى والتي تجعلها اكثر استنطاقا بمهارة الفواعل الدرامية للصورة الفوتوغرافية عند تفكيك عناصرها واعادة تركيبها ضمن تكوينها الاوحد من اجل تقديم فعلا حركياً يضفي على الحكائية التوسع في السرد وتفاعلها مع بنية النص الكبرى، لذا يصبح القارئ امام شبكة متداخلة من مظاهر الحكي، فتشكل رؤية وبعداً فنياً يريد الكاتب إيصالها إليه بعدما اصبحت ظاهرة في نصه الروائي، لتختتم دراسة البحث حول اهم النتائج التي توصل إليها الباحث.

Designing Bio-Intensive Integrated Pest Management Module for the Control of Cabbage Butterfly Pieris Brassicae L. Pieridae: Lepidoptera

During present study “bio-intensive integrated pest management module for the control of cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassica L.) under field conditions in Faisalabad ecological conditions” was designed. Eighteen genotypes of cauliflower viz. Candid Charm, Cash Mere, Cauliflower Desi, Cool Sun-70, Cool Sun-71, Early Kanwari, Shumaila F1 H, Pari, Pari F1 H, Snow Ball, Snow Crown, Snow Drift, Snow Grace, White Corona H, White Excel, White Island, White Magic H and White Shot H were sown during 2008 to screen the resistant, susceptible and intermediate genotypes based on population density of P. brassicae/ plant. From this trail, two genotypes viz. Cool Sun-70 and Cauliflower Desi, Cash Mere and White Island and Shumaila F1 H and Pari F1 H showing as susceptible, intermediate and resistant responses were selected for further studies. These genotypes were sown again under field conditions during 2009 to confirm the previous results. Role of weather factors were also determined in population fluctuation of the pest. The application of Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) @ 1482 g/ha, EN + release of Trichogrammachilonis cards (TC) for 8 times, EPN + spray of spinosad 240 SC @ 125 ml/ha and EPN + neem nut oil (NNO) 2.5 percent @ 6.17 lit/ha as module one (M1); release of TC card and Chrysoperlacarnea (CC), release of TC and spray of spinosad, release of TC and spray of NNO and release of TC and collection of eggs for 8 times as module (M2); spray of NNO, spray of NNO and spinosad, spray of NNO and collection of larvae and spray of NNO and collection of eggs as module (M3) and spray of spinosad alone and in combination with collection of eggs, collection of larvae and use of sticky rackets of yellow color as module (M4) were tested for bio- intensive management strategy to find out an effective, easy to apply and safe method of control for the recommendations to the farmers. It was recorded that the population of P. brassicae differed significantly among genotypes, dates of observations and in their interactions. The genotype cool son-70 was found as susceptible, pari F1 H appeared as resistant showing 30.02 and 3.44 sepecimen/plant of P. brassicae, respectively during 2008; high population was observed on 8 th October, 2008 and thereafter, decreasing trend was observed. The selected genotypes viz. Cool Sun-70, Cauliflower Desi, Cash Mere, White Island, Shumaila F1H and Pari F1 H differed significantly with each other regarding per plant population density of P. brassicae during 2009. The highest population was observed as 28.71/plant on Cool Sun-70, whereas minimum population was recorded as 15.45/plant on Pari F1 H and both these cultivars were proved as susceptible and resistant, respectively. The results pertaining to host plant susceptibility indices in various selected genotypes of cauliflower based on population density of P. brassicae/plant during 2008 and 2009 revealed that Cool Sun-70 was comparatively susceptible showing maximum HPSI i.e. 27%, whereas Pari F1 H was recorded as resistant with 09% HPSI. Temperature variations showed positive and significant correlation with the pest population during 2008, whereas relative humidity responded negative and significant correlation; and similar trend was recorded during 2009. Rainfall played non-significant role on pest fluctuation. However, maximum temperature was most effective for pest population (67.2, 77.2 and 68.3%) and significant difference were recorded among treatments and treatments in which applications of spinosad alone are in combinations with other control tactics resulted in utmost control of the pest both in resistant as well as susceptible genotypes. While, module (M4) comprised of sprays of (spinosad @ 125 ml/ha alone, and in combination with collection of eggs, collection of larvae and installation of sticky rackets of yellow color) proved as the best module; resulted in minimum pest population and maximum cost benefit ratio i.e. 41.53 and 38.76 for resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively.