Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) is a member of genus Babuvirus of the family Nanoviridae, ssDNA virus transmitted by Pentalonia nigronervosa. Family Nanoviridae is divided into two genera: Nanovirus and Babuvirus. Nanovirus includes FBNYV, MDV, SCSV, while the genus Babuvirus include BBTV. In Pakistan, banana production is under severe loss due to BBTV. In the absence of natural resistance, the use of genetically engineered resistance is an attractive option. The main objective of this study was to develop resistance in banana against banana bunchy top virus through RNAi and the identification of unknown components of BBTV by a new technique called Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA). Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is a novel technique for the amplification of circular DNAs. This technique has been widely used for the amplification of geminiviruses but its use for the characterization of nanoviruses has not been reported. The identification of unknown component is also necessary to find out whether any additional component is associated with infectious unit or not. An analysis of the genetic diversity of BBTV was made by this valuable technique across Tando Jam, Sindh, Pakistan, to characterize components of banana bunchy top virus. The RCA product was digested with several restriction enzymes and was resolved in agarose gel. The resulting RFLP pattern resembled those expected for BBTV. In order to confirm the RFLP analysis, the DNA was probed with cloned components of BBTV. The probes for components DNA-S, DNA-N and DNA-M correctly hybridized to their respective fragment. We further cloned two components of BBTV to verify results. The cloned components were highly homologous to South Pacific group of BBTV as reported from Pakistan. The results of present studies confirmed that RCA technology can be used for characterization of nanoviruses. The technique is of great value to nanovirus research since the components that make up this group are still being discovered. This diversity (low) is also helpful in generating resistance against viruses. So, RNAi construct was made against MRep of BBTV to engineer resistance against BBTV. This construct was transiently checked in banana male flower bud. The buds agro-infiltrated with EHA105 gave better expression as compared to GV3101. Expression of BBTV genes from PVX and under 35S promoter was also observed. Expression of MRep and MP under PVX resulted in necrosis and cell death at the site of inoculation and severe leaf curling and necrosis in newly emerging vii leaves in MP. Clink, NSP and CP produced mild symptoms of leaf curling and mosaic, while CP produced necrotic response in inoculated leaves. When all these genes were expressed under 35S promoter in N. benthamiana 16c line, MP and Clink stabilized GFP specific mRNA and reduced GFP specific siRNA. MRep, NSP and CP did not show accumulation of GFP specific mRNA. These results identified that MP and Clink are supressors of silencing. The ability of MP to induce severe necrosis in inoculated and systemic leaves and RNA silencing suppressors indicates that MP is a major pathogenecity determinant in BBTV genome. Promoter regions of BBTV components may have application for heterologous transgene expression. Promoter regions of BBTV components were cloned in expression vector and checked it in N. benthamiana plants. Out of five components of BBTV, DNA-S, DNA-C and DNA-R did not show any GUS expression in N. benthamiana, while DNA-N showed some level of expression. The deletion of 200bp from 5’ end of DNA-N increased the promoter activity but was still low as compared to CaMV, 35S.
ناطق کی نظموں کا دوسرا مجموعہ ہے۔اس مجموعہ میں بھی انہوں نے نظموں کے ذریعے دل سے دل تک کا سفر طے کیا ہے۔ان کا کہناہے کہ وہ تب تک شعر نہیں کہتے جب تک ان کے پاس لکھنے کیلئے مسئلہ نہ ہو ۔وہ شاعری میں صرف احساسات کا اظہار کرکے لفظی ڈرامہ بازی نہیں چاہتے ہیں بلکہ وہ حقیقت کا رنگ بھرتے ہیں۔وہ لفظوں کے ساتھ انصاف کرتے ہیں اور صاف گوئی سے کام لیتے ہیں۔اس کتاب کا انتساب آپ نے اپنی بیوی رفیعہ پروین اور بیٹی وجیہہ بتول کے نام لکھا ہے۔کل 36 نظموں پر مشتمل یہ مجموعہ ہے اور اس کتاب میں ناطق نے نظم’’سفیر لیلی‘‘ لکھی جو پندرہ صفحات پر مشتمل ہیاور کل 4حصوں میں اس کو تقسیم کیا گیاہے۔
ان کا کہنا ہے کہ وہ داستان کے آدمی ہیں،ماضی، حال اور مستقبل کے آدمی ہیں۔ وہ کھنڈرات کو دیکھتے ہیں تو اندازہ کرتے ہیں کہ کیا وجہ ہے کہ یہ تباہ وبرباد ہوئے۔ انہیں ماضی سے لگاؤہے کیونکہ یہ ماضی ہمیں ہمارے حال مستقبل کی آگاہی دیتاہے لیکن انسان کا مسلسل ماضی میں رہناہی انسان کو پیچھے دھکیل لے جاتا ہے۔وہ بتاتے ہیں کہ جب ’’سفیر لیلی‘‘ نظم ان کے ذہن میں آئی تب ہی انھوں نے سوچا کہ انھوں نے ایک عظیم داستان سنانے کی ذمہ داری لے لی ہے۔
’’سفیرلیلیٰ یہی کھنڈر ہیں جہاں سے آغاز داستان ہے
ذرا سا بیٹھو تو میں سناؤ
فصیل قریہ کے سرخ پتھر اوران پہ اڑدرنشان برجیں گواہ‘‘(4)
نظم کے شروع میں ہی پڑھتے ہوئے قاری کو محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ اس سے اچھا آغاز اور کوئی ہو نہیں سکتا۔یہی وہ کھنڈر ہیں جس سے...
Poverty is a global issue, particularly, related to the developing countries. The whole world is taking measures to eradicate it. People have different types of talent to earn money. Some are skilled, some have good entrepreneurship ideas and some others are good at manual work. We find that a great number of such skilled people are suffering from lack of resources in Pakistan and therefore not properly able to exert their skills to their utmost. Pakistan, being a developing country, is suffering from the issue of poverty. Many efforts were made for the alleviation of poverty during various regimes. Pakistan People’s Party introduced the Benazir Income Support Program. The same program has been maintained by the present Muslim League (Nawaz) government, due to its so-called utility. However, the fact is that its utility is not promising, as the meager amount given to the needy ones consumes in the daily expenditures and produces no lasting good. Contrary to this thesis of alms-giving, an anti-thesis is provided by the tradition of the Holy Prophet, Muhammad (S. A. W), which emphasizes the provision of interest-free loan. The loan without interest, can enable a person to run his or her business, according to his or her capacity and the person can become independent. The present paper explores the prospects that how interest-free loan is more effective in removing poverty than alms-giving on a regular basis by the government.
In this technological era, Governments across the globe are delivering public services to their citizens in an efficient and effective manner through E-Government (E-Govt) system. However, the development of E-Govt is not without challenges. Its development is surrounded by a number of factors, amongst those technological and governance structure have to be focused more in order to facilitate E-Govt implementation. Conversely, once developed, E-Govt brought forward more transparency, reduces corruption to a greater extent and makes public officials highly accountable to citizens. In terms of prior research, most of the literature either focused on the implementation challenges or the adoption factors, no research studies were found that took holistic view of both determinants and outcomes of E-Govt. So this research aimed to investigate the determinants and impacts of E-Govt by integrating both determinants and outcomes of E-Govt cohesively in a unified framework. The study incorporated Technological Sophistication, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, Political Stability and Government Effectiveness as critical enabling factors that may influence E-Govt development. On the other hand the impacts of E-Govt on Control of Corruption and Voice and Accountability were also investigated. This study also posited that the relationship between E-Govt and Control Corruption and between E-Govt and Voice and Accountability further strengthens with the inclusion of Right to Information laws. Based on quantitative research method, country level secondary data was collected from international agencies (i.e. World Economic Forum, Center for Law and Democracy, United Nations and World Bank) to operationalize research variables. The results suggested that Technological Sophistication, Regulatory Quality and Government Effectiveness have significant positive association with E-Govt while Political Stability has significant but negative effects on E-Govt. Further the relationship between Rule of Law and E-Govt was statistically insignificant. Likewise,on the outcome side, E-Govt has strong impact on Control of Corruption but no impact on Voice and Accountability. In addition, Right to Information laws have moderating effects on the relationship between E-Govt and Control of Corruption and also on the relationship between E-Govt and Voice and Accountability. The research implications and limitations with future research directions are also discussed.