Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) is a member of genus Babuvirus of the family Nanoviridae, ssDNA virus transmitted by Pentalonia nigronervosa. Family Nanoviridae is divided into two genera: Nanovirus and Babuvirus. Nanovirus includes FBNYV, MDV, SCSV, while the genus Babuvirus include BBTV. In Pakistan, banana production is under severe loss due to BBTV. In the absence of natural resistance, the use of genetically engineered resistance is an attractive option. The main objective of this study was to develop resistance in banana against banana bunchy top virus through RNAi and the identification of unknown components of BBTV by a new technique called Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA). Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is a novel technique for the amplification of circular DNAs. This technique has been widely used for the amplification of geminiviruses but its use for the characterization of nanoviruses has not been reported. The identification of unknown component is also necessary to find out whether any additional component is associated with infectious unit or not. An analysis of the genetic diversity of BBTV was made by this valuable technique across Tando Jam, Sindh, Pakistan, to characterize components of banana bunchy top virus. The RCA product was digested with several restriction enzymes and was resolved in agarose gel. The resulting RFLP pattern resembled those expected for BBTV. In order to confirm the RFLP analysis, the DNA was probed with cloned components of BBTV. The probes for components DNA-S, DNA-N and DNA-M correctly hybridized to their respective fragment. We further cloned two components of BBTV to verify results. The cloned components were highly homologous to South Pacific group of BBTV as reported from Pakistan. The results of present studies confirmed that RCA technology can be used for characterization of nanoviruses. The technique is of great value to nanovirus research since the components that make up this group are still being discovered. This diversity (low) is also helpful in generating resistance against viruses. So, RNAi construct was made against MRep of BBTV to engineer resistance against BBTV. This construct was transiently checked in banana male flower bud. The buds agro-infiltrated with EHA105 gave better expression as compared to GV3101. Expression of BBTV genes from PVX and under 35S promoter was also observed. Expression of MRep and MP under PVX resulted in necrosis and cell death at the site of inoculation and severe leaf curling and necrosis in newly emerging vii leaves in MP. Clink, NSP and CP produced mild symptoms of leaf curling and mosaic, while CP produced necrotic response in inoculated leaves. When all these genes were expressed under 35S promoter in N. benthamiana 16c line, MP and Clink stabilized GFP specific mRNA and reduced GFP specific siRNA. MRep, NSP and CP did not show accumulation of GFP specific mRNA. These results identified that MP and Clink are supressors of silencing. The ability of MP to induce severe necrosis in inoculated and systemic leaves and RNA silencing suppressors indicates that MP is a major pathogenecity determinant in BBTV genome. Promoter regions of BBTV components may have application for heterologous transgene expression. Promoter regions of BBTV components were cloned in expression vector and checked it in N. benthamiana plants. Out of five components of BBTV, DNA-S, DNA-C and DNA-R did not show any GUS expression in N. benthamiana, while DNA-N showed some level of expression. The deletion of 200bp from 5’ end of DNA-N increased the promoter activity but was still low as compared to CaMV, 35S.
مولوی مہیش پرشاد مولوی مہیش پرشاد ہندو یونیورسٹی میں عربی و فارسی کے پروفیسر تھے، عربی کی تعلیم انھوں نے مولانا عبداﷲ ٹونکی سے حاصل کی تھی، اور ’’مولوی‘‘ کا امتحان بھی پاس کیا تھا، اردو زبان و ادب میں بھی اچھی دستگاہ رکھتے تھے اور اس کے بڑے حامی اور مخلص خدمت گزار تھے، مرزا غالب کے خطوط ان کا خاص موضوع تھا، انھوں نے ان کے نئے خطوط کا پتہ چلایا تھا، اور ان کے چھوٹے چھوٹے رقعوں اور کارڈ اور لفافوں اور ان کے پتوں پر مستقل مضامین لکھے تھے، اور مکاتیب غالب کا ایک جامع اور مکمل مجموعہ جس میں بہت سے ایسے خطوط تھے، جو پرانے مجموعوں میں نہیں پائے جاتے، دو ضخیم جلدوں میں مرتب کیا تھا، اس کی ایک جلد کئی سال ہوئے، ہندوستانی اکیڈمی الٰہ آباد نے شائع کی تھی، دوسری جلد کی اشاعت کی نوبت نہیں آئی تھی کہ خود مرتب کی کتاب زندگی کا ورق الٹ گیا، ضرورت ہے کہ اکیڈمی یا اردو کا کوئی ادارہ مرتب کی یادگار میں اس کو شائع کردے موجودہ فرقہ پرستی اور اردو دشمنی کے زمانہ میں ہندوؤں میں ان کے ایسے خدمت گزار مشکل سے پیدا ہوں گے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی،اکتوبر ۱۹۵۱ء)
Religion is the cradle of human civilization and will always be a core influence in determining the trends, outlooks and progression of our society, which inevitably confronts questions and issues with religious undertones. As the world becomes more multi-religious and multi-ethnic, however, there is a seemingly diminished respect for the diverse existence of faiths and ethnicities, and more concerns rise towards this new threat to peace, which can be seen in the form of religious hatred, persecution, and conflicts often involving physical violence. This rising hostility, which has become a prolonged, unstable social factor, in all manifestations is an obstacle to peace. According to the different religious scholars of the semitic and nonsemitic religions it is recommended that religion plays a vital role to save the humanity. For this purpose many scholars recommend a religious alliance and unity for the whole universe as we can prevent the violence against humanity. In this paper the different views of the scholars in favour of religious alliance while the stance of Islamic Sharia has been discussed in detail as well.
Underactuated mechanical systems have increasing number of practical applications, theoretical importance as nonlinear benchmark systems, and obvious advantages such as low cost and low weight. However, complex nonlinear behavior makes the control design problem a difficult task and the presence of uncertainties makes it further challenging. Hence, enhanced performance and robustness to uncertainties become critical issues in designing control for these systems. Increasing practical applications and theoretical importance, make the design of a comprehensive robust control framework for underactuated mechanical systems an important problem. The explicit consideration of uncertainties in the design framework and its capabilities to effectively control the highly nonlinear dynamics will enhance the advantages of these systems. SMC techniques remain the only nonlinear control techniques that can better achieves these objectives. In this research work, the author proposes a sliding mode based robust control design framework for underactuated mechanical systems. The framework is comprehensive applicable to classes of systems in a unified but simply-to-apply way. The framework is built on three sliding mode design solutions to the problem. First, a standard SMC design is proposed for underactuated mechanical systems. The control laws take explicitly into account both the matched and unmatched uncertainties. Generic expressions for the sliding mode dynamics are derived. Analytic expressions for the sliding parameters are also given which characterize the desired performance. The main results are general and based on the EulerLagrange representation of these systems. Moreover, the discontinuous terms explicitly embedded in the control for the rejection of matched and unmatched uncertainties provide a better insight and understanding into the complex nature of uncertainties in these systems. Second, to address the chattering associated with standard SMC, the author proposes the use of super-twisting algorithm for underactuated mechanical systems. This treatment is based on linear sliding mode surfaces and use some the results derived for the standard SMC. Third, novel nonlinear sliding manifolds based on the Lagrangian zero dynamics are proposed for underactuated mechanical systems. The application of smooth higher order sliding mode control is proposed to enforce sliding mode in the manifold that guarantees stability of the overall dynamics of the system. The relative degree of these systems, in general, is not 1, and hence, leaving the designer with the choice of using higher order sliding mode control. The proposed design framework remarkably simplifies the control design problem of underactuated mechanical systems. Finally, the nature of dynamics and singularities are hurdles in the global convergence of some underactuated mechanical systems. To overcome these hurdles, the author address the swingup control problems of these systems in a classical way and demonstrate successful swingup and balancing using the proposed higher order sliding mode control.The proposed control design framework is validated for the following benchmark underactuated mechanical systems and achieve enhanced performance with the added advantage of remarkable robustness to uncertainties. 1. The Inertia-Wheel Pendulum 2. The Translational Oscillator with Rotational Actuator 3. The Acrobot 4. The Furuta Pendulum 5. The Overhead Crane 6. The Cart-Pole System 7. The Pendubot 8. The Beam-and-Ball System