Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper], an significant legume of Pakistan, is affected a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. Charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is one of the serious biotic factors affecting its yield badly. This pathogen infects plants at almost all growth stages. This pathogen is difficult to control by ordinary cultural practices. Moreover, chemical control of M. phaseolina is also difficult and generally not advisable. Furthermore, use of chemical fungicides also cause environmental pollution. The present study was undertaken to evaluate potential of selected Asteraceous weed species namely Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk, Sonchus oleraceous L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Launea nudicaulis (L.) Hook, for management of charcoal rot of black gram. Antifungal screening bioassays of selected Asteraceous weeds were performed with different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g 100 mL-1) of methanolic extracts of leaves, stems, roots and inflorescence of each selected weed species. Methanolic extracts of all the five weeds exhibited antifungal activity against the pathogen. However, the antifungal activity varied with the weed specie, plant part assayed and concentration of the methanolic extract. Extracts of S. oleraceous and A. conyzoides were found highly effective against M. phaseolina. Leaf, stem root and inflorescence extracts of S. oleraceous caused 7-73%, 54-84%, 51-87% and 49-82% inhibition in fungal biomass, respectively. Similarly, A. conyzoides stem extract exhibited maximum reduction in fungal biomass i.e. 20-83% while its leaf, root and inflorescence extracts suppressed fiungal biomass by 16-67%, 6-31% and 4-21%, respectively. Methanolic leaf extracts of E. alba, C. arvense and L. nudicaulis exhibited pronounced antifungal activity caused 10-64%, 10-74% and 20-75% reduction in biomass of M. phaseolina, respectively. In screening biomassays, methanolic stem extracts of S. oleraceous and Ageratum conyzoides showed the best antifungal activities against the test fungus, therefore, their different organic solvent fractions viz. n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were further tested for antifungal activity against M. phaseolina. Chloroform fraction of S. oleraceous showed the highest antifungal activity followed n-hexane fraction causing 60-90% and 15-68% suppression in biomass of M. phaseolina, respectively. Similarly, chloroform fraction of A. conyzoides showed the highest inhibition in fungal biomass (56-93%). On the basis of their best antifungal potential, chloroform fractions of methanolic stem extracts of S. oleraceous and A. conyzoides were selected for identification of antifungal constituents through GC-MS analysis. In S. oleraceous stem chloroform fraction, a total of 16 compounds were identified. The five major compounds were hexadecanoic acid (13.263%); 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (13.12%); 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E, E) - (12.946%) and 1- docosonal (8.616%). Similarly, 10 compounds were identified in chloroform fraction of stem extract of A. conyzoides 2H-1-benzopyran, 6,7-dimethoxy-2, 2-dimethyl (27.58%); hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (18.85%); 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (15.28%); 9, 12-octadecanoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (13.67%) and 1,2- benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (10.88%) as the most abundant ones. Dry biomass of the two highly antifungal weeds in laboratory bioassays viz. S. oleraceous and A. conyzoides were was used as soil amendment for management of charcoal rot of black gram in pot experiments. Different doses of the two weeds viz. 0.5, 1.0, …3.0% were mixed in M. phaseolina inoculated pot soil before sowing of black gram seed. Soil amendment with 2.0% dry biomass of each weed species resulted in 100% control of the disease. In general, the highest crop growth and yield under M. phaseolina stress was recorded in 2.5% soil amendment with dry biomass of either of the weed species. There was 4293% and 7400% increased grain yield was recorded due to 2.5% amendment of A. conyzoides and S. oleraceous dry biomass, respectively, over positive control. The highest peroxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase activities were recorded in M. phaseolina alone inoculated plants which were gradually decreased by increasing dose of dry biomass as amendment. . The present study concludes that methanolic extracts of selected weed species A. conyzoides and S. oleraceous possess antifungal potential against M. phaseolina. Chemical compounds particularly fatty acid methyl esters present in these weeds are responsible for their antifungal activity against M. phaseolina. Charcoal rot disease in black gram can effectively be managed by incorporating dry biomass of A. conyzoides and S. oleraceous at the rate of 2.5% (w/w) followed by pronounced increase in crop growth and yield.
خودروزگاری کیوں اور کیسے؟ زندگی اللہ تعالیٰ کی ایک نعمت ہے، زندہ رہنے کے لیے انسان کو کئی مراحل سے گزرنا پڑتا ہے۔ کبھی اس کی صغرسنی ہوتی ہے،کبھی عالم شباب ہوتا ہے اور ایک وقت ایسا آتا ہے کہ پیرانہ سالی کا شکار ہوکرداعی اجل کو لبیک کہہ دیتا ہے۔ ان ادوارِ حیات میں زندگی کی بوقلومونیوں سے واسطہ پڑتا ہے۔ کبھی ایسا وقت ہوتا ہے کہ اس کے دستر خوان پرانواع واقسام کے کھانے چنے ہوتے ہیں اورکبھی ایسی بھی گھڑی آتی ہے کی کئی کئی دن معدودے چند لقموں کے علاوہ دستر خوان پرکوئی قابلِ ذکر چیز نہیں ہوتی ۔لیکن ذی شعور انسان کبھی پستی کا شکار نہیں ہوتا۔ ہمہ وقت کدو کاوش کرتا رہتا ہے۔ اور یوں اس کے ایّام زیست کروٹیں بدلتے ہوئے گزر جاتے ہیں۔ انسان کی یہ بات فطرت میں شامل ہے کی وہ اچھے سے اچھے اور بہتر سے بہتر کی تلاش میں سر گرداں رہتا ہے۔ ملک میں اگر روزگار کے مواقع حکومت عوام الناس کے لیے فراہم نہ کر سکے تو بے روزگاری کے منحوس سائے افق پر منڈ لا نا شروع ہو جائیں ، ہر سوغربت ہی غربت دکھائی دے ، قوم کی کثیر تعدادغربت و افلاس کی لکیر سے نیچے زندگی گزارنے پر مجبور ہو جائے اور کوئی پرسان حال نہ ہو اور کسمپرسی کا شکار لوگ اپنی زندگی کے ہاتھوں پریشان ہوں تو پھر بھی ذی فہم و فراست شخص خود روزگاری کے ذریعے اپنے آپ کو اور اپنے معاشرے کے افراد کو غربت و افلاس کی دلدل سے نکالنے میں اہم کردار ادا کر سکتا ہے۔ حدیث نبوی ہے ’’ الکاسب حبیب اللہ ‘‘حلال روزی کمانے والا اللہ تعالیٰ کا دوست ہوتا ہے۔ اس طرح جو شخص بھی مسلمان ہونے کے ناطے کاروبار سے دلچسپی رکھتا ہے، اپنے اہل خانہ کے لیے دن...
The banking industry is critical to the success of any economy since it satisfies societal requirements. A bank is a financial entity that provides its clients with a variety of banking and other financial services. India's banking industry has been grappling with mounting non-performing assets. The rise of Non-Performing Assets has a significant impact on a bank's profitability. This research was undertaken in order to analyze the non-performing assets of a sample of chosen private sector banks in India. For that purpose, the researcher chose the top four private sector banks, namely HDFC bank, ICICI bank, Axis bank, and Indusland bank, based on their net sales from 2016-17 to 2020-21. To analyze non-performing assets in a selected private sector in India, gross non-performing assets (NPAs), net non-performing assets (NPAs), and net profit ratios were chosen. To test the hypothesis, the researcher employed a one-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. The study's primary conclusions include that HDFC bank's average GNPA and average NNPA are the lowest in the industry, while ICICI banks are the highest.
In the presented research work sulfonamide, acetamide and oxadiazole functionalities were incorporated as appendants of piperidine. The aim of this work was to synthesize new compounds exhibiting diverse and improved pharmacological potential in search of new drug contenders with enhanced activity, might be helpful in controlling many degenerative diseases. The present work was accomplished to synthesize 149 compounds having specific structural as well as chemical properties in six different schemes. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their enzyme inhibitory potential against different enzymes, that is, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and lipoxygenase; antibacterial activity using different bacterial strains of gram positive and negative bacteria; and moreover molecular docking studies was also performed for the potent derivatives against AChE & BChE. The scheme-1 was based on the synthesis of twenty different N-substituted derivatives including N-alkyl-N-(piperidin-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide (5a-f) and N- aryl-2-[(phenylsulfonyl)(piperidin-1-yl)amino]acetamide (7a-n) from 1-amino piperidine. In scheme-2 ten 2-O-substituted derivatives (9a-j) of 1-[(3,5-dichloro-2- hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl] piperidine (8) were synthesized by reacting 2- bromoacetamide electrophiles with 8. In scheme-3, 4-(Piperidine-1-yl)aniline was subjected to react with different sulfonyl chlorides (1a-k) to form eleven alkyl/aralkyl sulfonamides (10a-k) which were substituted with ethyl iodide to generate eleven newfangled N-ethyl substituted sulfonamides (11a–k). Schemes-4 & 5 were based on Ethyl isonipecotate as main piperidine based reactant which then treated differently to generate series of novel cholinesterase inhibitors. In series 4 Ethyl isonipecotate was firstly converted to ethyl 1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate (12) which then reacted with NH2-NH2 (hydrated) to form 1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- carbohydrazide (13). By reacting 13 with different sulfonyl chlorides, fourteen N''-(1- (phenylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carbonyl)sulfonohydrazide derivatives (14a-n) were synthesized. 5-(1-(Phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiol (15) was synthesized by refluxing carbohydrazide 13 with CS2/KOH in ethanol. This 1,3,4- Oxadiazole 15, was processed for the synthesis of S-substituted 1,3,4-Oxadiazol derivatives (16a-v) (Scheme-5). This synthetic scheme involved the stirring of alkyl/aralkyl halides with 15 in the presence of NaH/DMF. The eleven aralkyl/aryl carboxylic acids (18a-k) were converted into corresponding ethyl esters (19a-k) through esterification with ethanol in the presence of small amount of conc. H2SO4 as catalyst. Ethyl esters (19a-k) were further converted into carbohydrazides (20a-k) by stirring with hydrazine in methanol. The eleven 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles (21a-k) were synthesized by refluxing carbohydrazides with CS2/KOH in ethanol (Scheme-6). This scheme also included the formation of an electrophile, 22, by stirring of piperidine with 4-(bromomethyl)benzenesulfonyl chloride in aqueous basic medium and then stirring of 22 with eleven 5-substituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-thiols in NaH/DMF to synthesize 5-aralkyl/aryl-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl 4-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)benzyl sulfide (23a-k). All the compounds were corroborated through spectral analysis including 1H-NMR, IR and EI-MS. Scheme 1-4 & 6 derivatives were screened against AChE, BChE & LOX enzyme and showed excellent to moderate inhibitory potential and most potent inhibitors from each of above mentioned schemes were docked with AChE & BChE proteins to establish the binding models for structure activity relationship. Scheme-5 derivatives were screened against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains i.e. B. subtilis (+), S. aureus (+) and S. sonnei (-), E. coli (-), P. aeruginosa (-) and S. typhi (- ) using Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin as reference standard. All compounds showed varying degree of antimicrobial activity.