Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important and versatile agricultural crops used as a staple food by several hundred million people in the developing world. It is an important crop for countries like Pakistan where the rapidly increasing population demand increased food supplies. Being a short duration crop it gives two crops (spring and autumn maize) per year in Pakistan and can help considerably to solve the food shortage problem. It can act as alternate food source when the conventional cereal grains i.e. wheat and rice are deficient. Maize ranks 3rd most grown crop in the world with an area of178.69 million hectare and annual production of 1,008.99 million metric tons (USDA-FAS, 2017). In Pakistan maize is the 4th largest grown crop after wheat, cotton and rice. The area under maize in Pakistan is about1.14 million hectares with about 4920 thousand tones production and 4301 kg ha-1 average yield (PBS 2017). More than 90% of the total production of maize in Pakistan comes from two provinces, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. About 39 per cent of the total area under maize and 30 per cent of total production is contributed by Punjab; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa contributes 56 per cent of the total area and 63 per cent of the production while five per cent of the total area and three per cent of the total production is contributed by Sindh and Baluchistan. In spite of potentially high yielding and easily cultivated crop than any other cereal, maize production in Pakistan is still low as compared to other important maize growing countries of the world. With the use of high yielding varieties/genotypes, maize production can certainly be improved. It is therefore imperative for the maize breeders to develop maize varieties that are high yielding, widely adopted, early maturing, disease resistant, responsive to improved production practices and adjustable in the existing cropping pattern. In the past, breeders around the world used procedures for seed production including mass selection wherein seeds from good ears or plants were selected and saved each year for next year sowing and hence produced some widely used cultivars (Kutka, 2011). The deterioration in yield potential of these cultivars with the passage of time made it essential to develop and select improved modern cultivars/hybrids that are high in grain yield and accompanied with superior quality. This lead to the development of modern maize hybrids that have greater potential as compared with older cultivars/hybrids and hence corn became the highest tonnage cereal crop worldwide (Troyer and Wellin, 2009). The methods for the generation of hybrid seed and up keep of parental lines are all well archived. Several studies involving the development and release of maize hybrids have been focused significantly by the scientific community. However, less attention has been paid on the development, maintenance, and multiplication of hybrids derived from improved maize populations. Maize populations like composites, gene pools, and advanced generations of varietal crosses, etc. are routinely developed by crossing genetically diverse maize genotypes which are then improved through recurrent selection. A specific combination from the improved population can be released as an improved OPV or population hybrid for cultivation. In spite of the fact that these population hybrids are not essentially uniform in agronomic attributes when contrasted with innate inbred hybrid yet these can be acquired with significant decrease in time and resources and great yield than OPVs. It is relatively uniform and stable over time for important agronomic traits in its area of adaptation than inbred hybrids. If produced by crossing selected populations of similar maturity, plant and ear height, and other morphological traits, a population hybrid will be more uniform, more acceptable to farmers, and easier to maintain and produce seed for. Therefore, promising populations once identified can be elite sources of new inbred lines and population hybrids. Properly selected hybrids between populations could be used for commercial seed production (East and Hayes, 1911). The crosses could also provide unrelated and diverse elite inbreds with good GCA/SCA to be used in conventional hybrid seed industry. Inbred lines developed from such broad-based populations also carry the advantage of having good combining ability with lines derived from more than one heterotic group (Carena, 2005). Evaluation of early generation inbred progenies in test crosses has been the primary method used in maize breeding. For superior genotypes identification, visual selection of S2 lines offers greater opportunity for early generation testing. Information on combining ability and heterotic grouping for newly developed inbred lines is of paramount importance to design future breeding strategies for the development of hybrid and synthetic varieties. Proper selection of parental lines is therefore very important step in the development of hybrids in breeding program (Lippman and Zamir, 2007). Heterosis and combining ability is pre-requisite for developing a desirable maize hybrid that are economically viable, used as a commercial maize hybrid variety. Heterosis responses of newly developed hybrids largely depend on genetic diversity present among parental lines and increases with increased genetic diversity (Rauf et al., 2012). Crossing promising population and testing the early selfing generations in line × tester combination can therefore provide a good source of elite inbred lines. Based on these facts, the current study was therefore conducted for the development and identification of improved maize population hybrids with the following specific objectives to; • Compare grain yield and agronomic performance of maize population hybrids with check(s) and identify superior combination(s) for commercial use as cheaper hybrids. • Estimate heterosis in population hybrids obtained from diallel crosses of improved populations. • Estimate combining abilities of new inbred lines of the crosses for grain yield and other morphological traits using line × tester mating for future maize breeding programs. • Enrich the available maize gene pool by crossing diverse maize populations, thus enhancing the maize genetic diversity in reserve.
بحثیتِ انسان اِن کے بارے میں بہت کچھ سُنالیکن بعد از ملاقات بل کہ پے در پے ملاقاتوں نے ان کے اندر چھپی ہوئی لاتعداد جہتیں مجھ پر آشکار کر دیں۔ موصوف ہنس مکھ ، مخلص اور با کردار شخصیت کے مالک ہیں ۔اور یہ مبالغہ نہ ہوگا کہ بہت اچھے تحقیق و تخلیق کار بھی ہیں۔یہ تو بظاہران کی ذات سے متعلق چند باتیں ہیں لیکن اگر ذاتِ گرامی کا مکمل احاطہ کرنا مقصود ہوتو ان کی کتاب "اردو صوت شناسی"کے ساتھ "کردارِ حسنینیؑ " بھی رقم کرنا پڑےگا۔ اللہ پاک محترم عمرِ خضر عطا فرمائے۔
ان کا مقالہ برائے ایم فل اردو اب کتابی شکل میں منظرِ عام پرآ نے کے لیے مچل رہا ہے۔تحریر عمدہ،تحقیق لاجواب اور اگر صوتیات پر حوالہ جات سے متعلق کوئی کتاب آنے والے دنوں میں مارکیٹ میں دستیاب ہوگی تو وہ جناب حسنین عسکری ایم فل اردو کی "اردو صوت شناسی"ہو گی۔بی۔اے، ایم۔اے،ایم۔فل اور پی۔ایچ ۔ڈی کی سطح پر حوالہ جات کے لیے ایک گراں قدر اضافہ ہے۔مزید کتب بھی منظرِ عام پر آئیں گی جو موصوف کی علمیت ظاہر کریں گی۔ اللہ پاک موصوف کی علمیت میں اسی طرح،اردو ادب جو کہ فی زمانہ نظر انداز ہو رہا ہے کی خدمت کا فریضة بجا لاتے رہیں۔امین ۔
Without practical performance of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) it is merely impossible for anyone to understand the Holy Quran. It was his primary function to explain the meaning of Qur’anic verses and to set a concrete example for Muslims, therefore the Ahadith of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) are certainly the second basic source in Islam. Muslim scholars classified the traditions of Holy Prophet (ﷺ) into three types; sayings, deeds, and consent of the Prophet (ﷺ). Hadith Taqreeri is the kind of Hadith in which the silence of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) is mentioned when his compa-nions did something or said something in his presence and he refrains from condemning it. His silence in this context reveals to us the legal ruling of that saying or action. In this article I want to elaborate this kind of Hadith, its importance and its legal status in Islam.
In the present study, locally grown garlic i.e. pink and white were characterized followed by product development phase and nutraceutical evaluation for the management of serum cholesterol, glucose and thrombosis through experimental rats modeling. Compositional analysis illuminated that both garlic verities/line are good source of protein and minerals. Regarding bioactive molecules extraction, methanol exhibited highest polyphenols than that of ethanol and water. The pink garlic extracts showed higher FRAP, DPPH, flavonoids, flavonols, ABTS and tannins values in comparison with garlic white. Moreover, amount of allicin was also higher in pink garlic. On the basis of in vitro characterization with special reference to antioxidant potential, pink garlic preparations were selected for the development of functional soup and further used in bioevaluation trial. Accordingly, four types of chicken garlic soups were prepared after adding whole garlic, garlic powder and garlic oil @ 2, 2 and 1g/100mL serving, correspondingly along with control. The developed chicken garlic soups were subjected to physico-chemical analysis during storage that elucidated non-momentous effect on total soluble solids (TSS) while pH and acidity affected substantially. Likewise, color of the soups affected non-significantly with storage and treatments except for a* value. Sensory response of the functional soup remained within normal range during storage. Afterwards, efficacy study in rats was carried out through two consecutive trials I & II for the validity of results. Bioevaluation study comprised of four groups of rats feeding on whole garlic, garlic powder and garlic oil @ 250, 250 and 100 mg/kg bodyweight, respectively alongside control. The consumption of different garlic treatments imparted non-substantial effect on feed and drink intake during entire study. Likewise, cholesterol and LDL were significantly reduced by different garlic preparations however, pronounced decrease as 11.05 & 9.45 and 17.21 & 15.37% was noticed for whole garlic in trial I & II, respectively. The significant increase in HDL was also recorded in rats rely on whole garlic from 35.36±2.37 to 39.73±2.54 and 33.25±2.11 to 37.22±2.11 mg/dL. Similarly, triglycerides were momentously reduced from 68.52±4.65 to 61.17±4.31 and 68.61±4.25 to 63.42±4.13 mg/dL in trial I & II, respectively. The attenuation in serum glucose of rats is an indicator for the positive impact of garlic treatments on this trait. In this context, garlic oil performed better than rest of the treatments and reduced glucose from 85.40±5.12 to 81.12±5.23 and 88.68±5.20 to 82.98±5.14 mg/dL in respective trials. Likewise, garlic oil consumption resulted 7.79 & 8.33% increase in insulin higher than that of whole garlic and garlic powder 3.62 & 4.38 and 6.03 to 6.79% in trial I & II. Similarly, garlic preparations especially garlic oil imparted substantial increase in bleeding time (BT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) with significant decrease in plasma fibrinogen (Fg) and platelet aggregation (PG) thus soothing thrombosis. The antioxidant potential of rats was also improved as evident from enhanced serum glutathione and suppressed thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), xanthine oxidase (XO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). The whole garlic consumption caused 16.78 & 15.07% elevation in glutathione and 21.23 & 21.98 % reduction in TBARS during the entire trials. Furthermore, the values for liver and kidney functions tests were within the normal range showing the safety of garlic preparations. The whole garlic performed better to control cholesterol along with anti-aging perspectives. Besides, garlic oil ameliorated glucose and thrombosis related variables efficiently. From the instant exploration, it is deduced that garlic based products are effectual to attenuate lifestyle related disorders.