In order to investigate the toxic effect of heavy metals (cadmium and nickel) on morpho- anatomy and physiology of two grass species (Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. and Cenchrus ciliaris L.), three factor factorial experiment was laid out in the Old Botanic Garden, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The levels of cadmium and nickel (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg L-1) were selected for all ecotypes collected from Faisalabad, the Salt Range and Pakka Anna. Soils of the Faisalabad were not affected by heavy metals, while that of the Salt Range moderately affected and Pakka Anna heavily affected by both Ni2+ and Cd2+. The data was recorded for different morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical attributes. The growth of the both grass species was reduced under Cd2+ and Ni2+ stress. A significant reduction in gas exchange parameters was noted in all ecotypes under both Cd2+ and Ni2+ stresses. Biochemical attributes like total soluble sugars, and total free amino acids increased at high levels (60 mg L-1) of Cd2+ and Ni2+, while proteins were reduced in both types of stresses. Ion uptake was retarded in most of the ecotypes of C. ciliaris and C. dactylon. Zn2+ and Fe2+ uptake was increased with increasing level of Cd2+ and Ni2+ contaminated medium. There was a marked impact on anatomical features of both grass species under Cd2+ and Ni2+ stresses. Cell size of root and shoot decreased in all ecotypes; however, increased vascular bundle area was recorded in the ecotypes of C. ciliaris. Epidermal area decreased while mechanical tissue area increased in all the ecotypes under metal stress. Cadmium stress showed positive influence on stem and leaf anatomy while nickel showed damaging effect on parenchyma, where disintegration was seen in endodermis and pith tissues of C. ciliaris. However, the ecotypes of C. dactylon remained unaffected by Ni2+ stress. The ecotypes of C. dactylon collected from Faisalabad and Pakka Anna performed better in metal (Cd2+ and Ni2+) stress while C. ciliaris from the Salt Range was adversely affected when subjected under Cd2+ and Ni2+ stresses.
اسلامی ریاست میں قوانینِ حدودو قصاص کی تنفیذ کے لیے لازمی ہے کہ عدالت کو اس بات کا پابند کیا جائے کہ عوام کوفوری اور سستے عدل کی سہولت فراہم کی جائے ۔ عدالتی نظام میں فوری اور سستے عدل کی فراہمی بڑی اہمیت کی حامل ہے کیونکہ عدل وانصاف کی فراہمی میں بہت ذیادہ وقت لگنے کے بعد قانون کانفاذ اپنی افادیت کھو بیٹھتا ہے۔ اسی طرح اگر عدل و انصاف کی فراہمی کے لیے بھاری رقم بھی درکار ہو ، تو قانون سازی کا مقصد فوت ہوکر رہ جائے گا۔ لہذا ضروری ہے کہ عدالتیں رعا یا کو فور ی اور سستے انصاف کی فراہمی کو یقینی بنائیں ۔ہمیں عہد نبوی ﷺ اور عہد صحابہ کر ام سے بے شمار مثالیں ملتی ہیں کہ مقدمہ عدالت میں آ جانے کے بعد اس کا فوری فیصلہ کیا جاتا تھا اور اس پر عمل درآمد کروایا جاتا تھا۔ اس کے علاوہ عدلیہ کا انتظامیہ کی بے جا مداخلت سے آزاد ہونا اور سب پر بالادستی ہونا قیام عدل کی لازمی شرط ہے ۔ اسلام کے نظام عدل میں عدالت حاکم وقت سے لے کر عام شہر ی تک ہر ایک کو جواب دہی کے لیے طلب کر سکتی ہے اور قانون کے مطابق سزا بھی دے سکتی ہے اور عدالت کےکام میں انتظامیہ کا کوئی چھوٹا یا بڑا مداخلت کرنے کا کوئی حق نہیں رکھتا۔ یہ قاضی یا جج کی بالا دستی نہیں بلکہ قانون کی بالا دستی ہے جو خود جج یا قاضی پر بھی عائد ہوتی ہے ۔ موجودہ عدالتی نظام اس ضرورت کو پورا نہیں کررہا ، بلکہ اس کا کام تو عوام الناس کے درمیان مستقل کشمکش کو باقی رکھنا اور مقدمہ بازی کو مستقل صور ت دینا ہے۔ اسلام کا نظام عدل اس چیز کو بر داشت نہیں کرتا۔ فور ی...
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور مشاريع العمل عن بعد في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة وقد درست أدوراها في مجال المعرفة والثقافة والتدريب والدعم وتوظيف الاستفادة ومواكبة التطور وبالنسبة للتنمية المستدامة تم دراسة أبعادها الأربعة التقنية والبيئية والاجتماعية الاقتصادية وقد اتبعت المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لمعالجة وتحليل البيانات لعينة من العاملين في مجال العمل عن بعد وقد بلغ عددها 155 عامل في مجال العمل عن بعد وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها: شعور العامل بمسؤولية العمل اتجاه المشغل والشركة الوسيطة، تقديم التدريب والدعم للموظفين وقدرتها على تحسين الظروف الاقتصادية والمعيشية وقد جاءت التنمية التقنية في أهم أبعاد التنمية تحقيقاً أي بنسبة 81.00% وثم التنمية الاقتصادية بنسبة 79.40% وبينت الدراسة وجود علاقة إيجابية بين دور مشاريع العمل عن بعد والتنمية المستدامة وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة نشر الوعي والتثقيف بالعمل عن بعد ودورها في إحداث عملية التنمية المستدامة و توفير الدعم المادي لتحقيق أهداف الاستراتيجية الحكومية الهادفة لتبني فكرة العمل عن بعد ووضع القوانين والتشريعات واللوائح لخدمة وحماية الحماية العامل الفلسطيني أمام المشغل الأجنبي.
VII Abstract Abstract Abstract Crop sector is an important sub-sector of the agricultural sector and is considered a vital part of Pakistan''s economy. This sub-sector contributed about 39.6 percent in the agricultural sector value added, during 2014-15. All major food crops, vegetables, oilseeds and fruits are produced in Pakistan due to its different ecological regions, climate change, soil types and sufficient water. Trends show a stagnant pattern of crop diversification in crop sector in terms of grains, cash crops, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits and other minor crops from 1980-81 to 2014-15. The Herfindahl Index (HI) was used to check the level of concentration and diversification in the structure of crops in Pakistan. The Herfindahl index values showed a high level of crop concentration in the country''s crop sector and required to be diversified towards high-value crops. The ARIMA (1,1,1) model of Time Series data was used to examine the impact of various factors on Transformed Herfindahl Index of diversity. To determine the impact of demand side factors on the Transformed Herfindahl Index. The regression coefficients of profitability of minor crops, per capita income and urbanization showed positive and significant relationship with diversification of crops. To check the influence of supply side factors; the length of roads was adopted in the model to check the impact of infrastructural development. The regression coefficient of roads showed a positive and significant relationship with the diversification of crops. The technology was determined with the help of fertilizers, the number of tubewells, production of tractors in numbers and Net Area Sown. The regression coefficients of fertilizers, number of tubewells and production of tractors in numbers showed positive and significant influence on the diversification of crops. The regression coefficient of Net Area Sown showed a negative relationship with the diversification of crops, but it was insignificant. The availability of water (MAF) for irrigation purposes showed a positive and significant relationship VIII with the diversification of crops. To determine the impact of climate, the average rainfall regression coefficient showed a negative and very significant impact with diversification of crops. In addition, results concluded that the average income per hectare of minor crops is higher than the average income per hectare of the major crops. This showed that farmers'' income increased through the diversification of crops towards high-value crops in Pakistan. To check the impact of various factors on the Index of High Value Crops, the credit availability, local production of oilseed crops, agricultural machinery, number of tubewells and urbanization regression coefficients showed positive and significant relationship with IHVC. The regression coefficient of import of oilseeds showed a negative and very significant impact on the Index of High Value crops in Pakistan. This showed that the huge import of oilseeds cost the public exchequer badly. The ADF unit root tests were used to check Stationarity of variables at levels. It showed that variables adopted in models were non-stationary at levels and turned out to be stationary with the first difference. LM test was used to check for a serial correlation in the errors of the regression model and found no serial correlation up to lag order 1 at the 95% confidence level. The residual of ΔResid01t were checked for the existence of a unit root to check the co-integration. The ADF test statistics showed that the series was stationary at the level and concluded that variables had long run relationship.