The objective of this study was to explore the impact of types of employee participation (i.e. financial participation, direct participation and representative participation) on forms of organizational commitment (i.e. Affective commitment, continuous commitment and normative commitment). This research study is based on the universal perspective showing a comprehensive review of theoretical and empirical literature with references to employee financial participation, employee direct participation, Representative participation, affective commitment, normative commitment and continuous commitment. Literature related to employee participation, and organizational commitment has been critically reviewed. This exploratory study utilized a questionnaire distributed to a wide sample of employees of both American and Pakistani commercial banks. All middle level employees of commercial banks listed in Karachi stock exchange and New York stock exchange were included in the population. The estimated sample of the study is 250 employees from Pakistan and 250 employees from USA. Total number of banks selected for the study was 50 from both countries. The survey instrument was developed using a combination of existing scales across the four key themes of the thesis: Financial participation (Erik Poutsma, 2001), direct participation (Lammers, Meurs, Mijs, 1987), representative participation (Lammers, Meurs, Mijs, 1987), and organizational commitment (Meyer and Allen, 1991). Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. Total response rate of the study was 67.4%. Keeping in view theories and evidences that are provided in the current literature hypotheses were developed. This research study is based on four research questions. To answer these research questions statistical methods like descriptive statistics, scatter diagrams, Pearson correlation,multiple regression analysis and interaction forms were used. This study indicated that in Pakistani settings types of employee participation has a significant and positive relationship with forms of organizational commitment while in American settings financial participation, direct participation and representative participation has strong and positive relationship with forms of commitment but weak relationship as compared to Pakistan.
اس مہینہ ہماری قوم کے ایک اور فاضل نے داغِ مفارقت دیا، یعنی جناب مولوی عبدالغنی صاحب وارثی عظیم آبادی نے وہ مضافات بہار میں سے استہاداں نام ایک مردم خیز قصبہ میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، عربی کے فاضل انگریزی کے عالم تھے، عربی کی تعلیم آرہ کے مدرسہ میں پائی تھی۔ اس وقت انگریزی کا نیانیا دور تھا، انہوں نے عربی کتابیں ختم کرکے اس وقت علی گڑھ کے مدرستہ العلوم میں انگریزی پڑھی، جب کہ وہ ایک اسکول کا جھوپڑا تھا، انگریزی تعلیم کے بعد انہوں نے بانکی پور میں اخبار نویسی کی زندگی اختیار کی، پھر حیدرآباد گئے، اور مترجمی کے عہدے پر ممتاز ہوئے اور آخر رفتہ رفتہ اسسٹنٹ جنرل سرکار حیدرآباد ہوئے۔ حیدرآباد میں اس بزم کے ممبر تھے جس کے صدر نشین علامہ شبلی، مولوی عبدالحلیم شرر اور مولوی عزیز مرزا مرحوم تھے، چند مہینہ ہوئے کہ پنشن پاکر خانہ نشین ہوئے تھے کہ وفعتہ ۱۰، جون ۱۹۱۸ء کی شب کو درد سینہ سے وفات ہوئی۔
مرحوم کو اخلاق و تصوف سے فطری ذوق تھا، اسی لئے ان کی تصنیفات زیادہ تر اسی موضوع پر ہیں، بوذاسف و بلوہر جو اصل میں ایک ہندی قصہ اور بودھ کی زندگی اور تعلیم کا خلاصہ ہے۔ مسلمانوں کے عہد عروج میں اس کا عربی میں ترجمہ ہوا تھا، پھر کلیلہ و منہہ کی طرح وہ عربی سے دنیا کی اکثر زبانوں میں منتقل ہوا۔ مولوی صاحب مرحوم عربی سے اردو کا نہایت عمدہ ترجمہ کرکے ہندوستان کی کھوئی ہوئی دولت کو پھر ہندوستان واپس لائے، یہ قصہ اس قدر پر اثر اور ہندی تمثیلات سے اس قدر مملو ہے کہ شبہ ہوتا ہے کہ کیا موجودہ انجیل اسی سے ماخوذ ہے، عربی میں اخلاق کی ایک اور...
It has been held since ages that wine is a panacea for mankind in the realm of medicine. Moreover, it is touted with emphasis that it is a great source of mental and physical solace and satisfaction and for this very reason masses in the days of ignorance, in general, would have it with relish for solace and satisfaction. Even in the contemporary advanced times, it is believed in general, that wine is the source of various medical benefits coupled with the belief that wine releases tension and stress. Under the same impression, wine is drunk, with relish in Europe and America down to this day. Modern medical science has proved all these nations as categorically wrong and baseless and has set forth that all these notions about wine are based on assumptions and abstractions with nothing concrete and solid. In the assay under consideration, the harmful and baneful influence and effects of wine have been brought under the lime light and proved, in the light of the experiments of the medical scientists, that no medical benefits, whatsoever, be derived from drinking wine rather it has detrimental impacts and that it creates mental unrest instability rather than providing the drinker with solace, ease and satisfaction
The best-planned development of any area is possible when the problems of that area are well understood, well documented and closely monitored. The central city has always been a spatial location of significance although its characteristic qualities have varied considerably over time and space. This study focuses on the internal structure of the years 2007 and 2014, which refers to the arrangement of land uses of the downtown (Saddar area) of Karachi. During the past half a century, the arrangement of land uses has been focused in study of western cities however such studies pertaining to Non-Western Cities are limited in number. This has been the chief stimulating factor behind the selection of this research. Saddar area of Karachi historically has always been recognized as the main shopping center of Karachi. Apart from commercial activity, which is the major activity, the area has substantial amount of residential function, educational, administrative and many other recognized land uses. The purpose of the study is to pinpoint the salient features of internal structure of the downtown area based on the spatial arrangement of its land uses. The analyses of this study utilized quantitative and qualitative data collected through intensive field inventory and interviews. Apart from traditional cartographic techniques the study has made full use of modern technique, Geographical Information System (GIS). This study indicates the changes that have occurred in the land uses and commercial functions in the downtown Saddar. As a result of this research, it has been possible to solve the problems like traffic congestion, poor road infrastructure, huge number of hawkers along the road side & foot path causing problems for pedestrians, old and damaged buildings not in use, lack of inter-shops space, noise pollution, air pollution, parking issues, drinking water problems, residential problems for migrants (job seekers) etc.