Phuleli, a non-perennial canal, was constructed in 1955 with design discharge capacity of 15000 cusec to meet the irrigation water requirements of left bank districts of lower Sindh. The canal originates from Ghulam Muhammad Barrage (Kotri Barrage) on the left bank of river Indus and passes through Hyderabad, the second largest city of Sindh province. The canal water is mainly used for irrigation purpose; however cities and villages in its command also draw water for the domestic use. Highly toxic effluent from plastic factories, illegal cattle pens, slaughterhouses and municipal sewage water are directly discharged into the Phuleli Canal when it passes through Hyderabad city which has deteriorated the canal water quality and thus has put lives of millions of people at risk. Present study was thus conducted to investigate the effect of disposal of untreated domestic and industrial sewage water and waste into Phuleli Canal on its water quality and subsequent effect on groundwater and soil properties in its command area. In the study, the quality of the canal and groundwater was monitored through sampling around the year for four seasons (summer, autumn, winter, and spring) at seven different locations (RD-0, RD- 30, RD-50, RD-70, RD-90, RD-110 and RD-130) along Phuleli Canal. The soil physico-chemical properties at various soil depths (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) and at different locations in the canal command area were also determined. The results of the study revealed that EC, HCO3 , Cl , SO4, Ca+Mg, Na, SAR, Cd, Cr, Pb and As of canal water increased considerably towards down-reach (RD-130) of canal during winter season with the exception of Zn, Fe, pH and K showing maximum at up-reach (RD-0) and decreasing trend towards down-reach. Cu concentration was high towards down-reach (RD-130) during spring season and Mn was high at up-reach (RD-30) in summer. The groundwater of canal command area had higher EC, HCO3, Cl, Ca+Mg, Na, SAR, Cd, Cr, Pb and As and in the down- reach (RD-130) during winter. The pH and K had opposite trend, being high pH near up-reach (RD-0) during summer and low towards down-reach (RD-130) during autumn. Zn was high towards up-reach (RD-0) during winter season and it relatively decreased towards down-reach (RD-130) during summer season. Fe concentration was greater in groundwater at up-reach (RD-30 and RD-50) during winter. Cu concentration was maximum towards down-reach (RD-130) during summer season. In soils irrigated by Phuleli Canal, high soil EC, Cl, Ca+Mg and Na were found near soil surface (0-20 cm) during winter near down-reach (RD-130). However, they were found low in the soil depth 20-60 cm during summer near up-reach (RD-0) in canal command area. The soil HCO3 was high in the layer near to soil surface (0-20 cm) during winter in up-reach (RD-0), whereas, it decreased in the lower soil depth during summer towards mid to down reach. The soil SO4 increased in upper soil layer (0-20 cm) during autumn season in down-reach (RD-130). Soluble K was greater in upper soil surface (0-20 cm) during summer in up-reach (RD-0) and decreased towards down-reach (RD-130) in lower soil depth (40-60 cm) during summer in down reach (RD-130). Zn and Fe contents were high in upper soil surface (0-20 cm) during winter in up-reach (RD-0 and RD-30) decreased in lower soil depths (20-40 cm) in down- reach (RD-130) during summer. Cu content was high in upper soil layer (0-20 cm) near down-reach (RD-130) during summer and decreased in lower soil depths (40-60 cm) near up-reach (RD-0) during winter season. Cd, Cr, Pb and As content were higher in upper soil layer (0-20 cm) near down-reach (RD-130) during winter and decreased in lower soil depth towards down-reach (RD-130) during summer. The ions concentration of Phuleli Canal water was within the permissible limits given by WHO and FAO for human consumption and agriculture purpose respectively in all seasons and at all locations. However, Fe, Cd and Cr concentration in water were higher than WHO permissible limits and Cu and Mn greater than FAO permissible limit at down-reach. The ions concentration of CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, Ca+Mg, and pH of groundwater were within the permissible limits except for EC that was higher than the reference value set by WHO and FAO; while the ions concentration of Cl and Na, SO4 and K were beyond the permissible limits set by WHO for human consumption in all season at all sampling locations. Fe, Cd, Cr and Pb concentraton in groundwater were higher than WHO permissible limits while Cu and Mn concentration greater than FAO permissible limits. EC, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, Cr and Pb of soil in surface layer were greater than FAO permissible limits. Heavy metals concentration/content in canal, groundwater and soil water samples were found higher in down-reach compared to the up-reach which may be due to the discharge of untreated industrial waste into canal. The present study concludes that due to continuous disposal of untreated effluent wastewater into the Phuleli Canal from different sources most of the canal and groundwater samples contained highly toxic metals above the permissible limits set by WHO and FAO for human and crop consumption respectively. The water contamination was greater during the winter season due to low water discharge from Kotri Barrage into canal and reception of low rainfall in the area. Because of accumulation of trace and heavy metals in soils of Phuleli Canal Command area, the crops and vegetables grown might not be suitable for human and animal consumption. To maintain canal water quality within permissible limits, it is suggested that (i) industries must be compelled to discontinue draining toxic effluents in the canal, (ii) municipal sewage water, after treatment, should be used directly for urban agriculture instead of discharging into waterways, (iii) illegal pens and slaughter houses be discouraged to pour their waste into the canal, (iv) government must install water treatment plants for regular supply of drinking water for the people living alongside the canal, (v) the canal water quality should be regularly monitored and (vi) awareness programs should be initiated to provide knowledge to the people about the polluted water, associated health risks, and its safe use.
ذکر مالک رام اردو کے مشہور عالم و فاضل، نامور محقق و مصنف اور غالب و ابوالکلام کے عارف و شیدائی جناب مالک رام کی وفات پر پوری اردو دنیا سوگوار اور اشکبار ہے، ان سے راقم کے جو گہرے اور مخلصانہ تعلقات تھے اس کی بنا پر اس کے لیے بھی ان کی جدائی بہت شاق ہے۔ وہ پھالیہ ضلع گجرات میں جواب مغربی پنجاب (پاکستان) کا حصہ ہے، ۲۲؍ دسمبر ۱۹۰۶ء کو بویجہ کھتریوں کے ایک خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے ، ان کے والد لالہ نہال چند فوج کے محکمہ سپلائی میں ملازم تھے، لیکن مالک رام ابھی بارہ دن ہی کے تھے کہ والد کے سایہ شفقت سے محروم ہوگئے، والدہ نے پرورش و پرداخت کی، چار برس کی عمر سے تعلیمی سلسلہ شروع ہوا جو ایم۔ اے اور ایل ایل بی کرنے کے بعد ۱۹۳۳ء میں منقطع ہوا، اس سے قبل ۱۹۳۱ء میں ان کی شادی ہوگئی تھی۔ مضمون نگاری اور رسالوں کے مطالعہ کا چسکہ بچپن سے تھا، ابتدا میں شعر و شاعری سے بھی کچھ دلچسپی رہی، ان کا پہلا باقاعدہ مضمون نیرنگ خیال لاہور میں چھپا، یہ ٹیگور کی گیتا نجلی کے بعض ٹکڑوں کا ترجمہ تھا، اس کے بعد ۱۹۲۶ء کے نگار میں ’’ذوق اور غالب‘‘ کے عنوان سے ان کا مضمون شایع ہوا جس میں آگے چل کر ماہر غالبیات ہونے والے نے غالبؔ پر ذوقؔ کو ترجیح دی تھی، لوہر میں قیام کی بنا پر نیرنگ خیال کے مدیر حکیم محمد یوسف حسین سے مالک رام کے تعلقات ہوگئے تھے، ۱۹۳۰ء میں ان کی خواہش پر ساٹھ روپے ماہوار پر نیرنگ خیال کی مجلس ادارت میں شامل ہوگئے، پھر لاہور ہی سے شائع ہونے والے ’’آریہ گزٹ‘‘ سے متعلق ہوئے، اس سے علیحدگی کے بعد ۱۹۳۶ء میں روزنامہ ’’بھارت ماتا‘‘ سے منسلک ہوئے، یہ...
إذا كان التفكير الفلسفي منذ القدم قد جعل المعرفة وما يضمن شروط صدقها وعدم كذبها جزءا أساسيا من اهتماماته، فإن تناول هذه الإشكالية ظل دوما مرتبطا بما يميز كل فلسفة، مثلما هو مرتبط من جهة أخرى باللحظة التاريخية وبهيمنة بعض القضايا النظرية خلال تلك الحقبة. وقد تطور تناول هذا الإشكالية، من كونه إشكالية مرتبطة بأرسطو وبلغته الفلسفية والمنطقية التي تقوم على الحدود والقضايا والمقولات، إلى إشكالية الفلسفة الحديثة التي تقوم على سؤال مصادر المعرفة: بين العقلي والحسي-التجريبي، وما يرتبط بذلك من قضايا مثل آليات اشتغال العقل ودور الحسي والعواطف الانفعالات في إنتاج المعرفة والعلم، فضلا عن منزلة الرياضيات ومناهجها في إقامة وتطور المعرفة العلمية والفلسفية بالإنسان والطبيعة. من هنا تأتي أهمية تناول هذا المقال لموقف ''لايبنيز'' (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz) من مصادر المعرفة، وذلك للكشف عن أساس نظرية المعرفة ومبادئها انطلاقا من مفهوم الجوهر والموناد وتكامل العلاقة بين الإيمان والعقل، القائم على أساس العناية الإلهية. وقد عمل ''لايبنيز'' على إبراز وجهة نظره من خلال الرد على الفلاسفة السابقين مما يجعله تمهيدا أساسيا لفهم أهمية تلك المواقف وجعل العودة إليها أمرا حاسما في فهم هذه الإشكالية
Routing, having focal responsibility in MANET’s successful operation, are based on the assumption of nodes’ cooperation. However, this assumption exposes routing to various insider attackers. These attackers are the legal participants having privileged access to network when inducing attacks on routing. Furthermore, these insider attackers are either in the form of selfish nodes or malicious nodes. The motive of selfish node is saving its resources by not cooperating in routing activities whereas the purpose of malcious node is to attack the network. Therefore, providing security in routing against affirmed attackers has emerged a challenging issue in MANETs. In research community, trust management schemes are used to defend routing against insider attackers. The very focus of this research is to develop a trust management scheme for securing routing from insider attackers to launch blackhole and greyhole attacks. We proposed a trust management scheme, named as MT-SECURER (“Multi Factors Trust for Secure and Reliable Routing in MANETs”), for making routing secure against insider attackers (i.e., blackhole and greyhole attackers). This scheme develops trust from multiple factors, i.e., “node’s cooperation” from communication networks and “node’s relationship maturity” and “mutual friends” from social networks. Whereas for trust development, nodes’ personal observations along with neighbours’ recommendations are utilized. Neighbors’ recommendations, having a pivotal role in computation of trust, if hampered may entail in colossal attacks from dishonest trust recommenders such as “bad mouthing”, “ballot stuffing” and “random opinion”. Therefore, mitigation of dishonest trust recommendations has emerged as a stimulating research issue in trust management systems. In order to cater these challenges associated with dishonest trust recommendations, a technique named “intelligently Selection of Trust Recommendations based on Dissimilarity factor (iSTRD)” has been devised. iSTRD exploits observer node’s personal experience in conjunction with majority vote of the recommenders for removing dishonest trust recommendations. For performance analysis, MT-SECURER is used with AODV and DSR routing protocols and detail simulations are performed in order to examine the proposed scheme’s effectiveness in presence of blackhole and greyhole attackers and nodes’ mobility. The experimental results show significant improvement in “detection rate”, “packet delivery ratio”, throughput and “normalized routing load” with slightly increased “average end-to-end delay” when compared to contemporary schemes. Furthermore, iSTRD successfully removes the trust recommendations of “low trustworthyrecommenders” aswellasdishonesttrustrecommendationsof“highlytrustworthy recommenders”. Its efficacy is evident from enhanced accuracy of “recognition rate”, “false rejection” and “false acceptance”. Moreover, experiential results depict that iSTRD has unprecedented performance compared to contemporary techniques in presence of “bad mouthing”, “ballot stuffing” and “random opinion” attacks.