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Home > Improvement in Production and Storage of Trichogramma Chilonis Ishii , Chrysoperla Carnea Stephens and Their Hosts for Effective Field Releases Against Major Insect Pests of Cotton

Improvement in Production and Storage of Trichogramma Chilonis Ishii , Chrysoperla Carnea Stephens and Their Hosts for Effective Field Releases Against Major Insect Pests of Cotton

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Nadeem, Sajid

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/631

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726431520

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Present studies were conducted to improve production and storage extension of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii), Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and their hosts for effective field releases against major insect pests of cotton. Different experiments comprised; the rearing of laboratory host, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), the impact of radiation on the shelf life extension of its eggs, storage of parasitoid (T. chilonis) and predator (C. carnea) at low temperatures, the searching ability of parasitoid under field conditions, evaluation of the field releases methods for parasitoid and predator and their field adaptations and effectiveness against target pests in the cotton. Development and evaluation of the rearing of S. cerealella on its naturally available cereal foods, like maize, barley, sorghum and wheat revealed that the rearing of S. cerealella was as equally good on sorghum and barley as compared to wheat grains. Whenever, the rearing of healthy and heavy sized adults were required, the rearing on maize showed good results but with reduced fecundity and prolonged life span. The parasitism by T. chilonis on the gamma irradiated eggs of S. cerealella was successfully achieved at the dose of 50 Gy up to 7 days. The cumulative effect of radiation and low temperatures on the storage of host eggs at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 o C from 5 to 90 days showed non-significant effect as compared to their individual effects. Storage of host, S. cerealella eggs at 6 o C for 5 to 50 days was a comparatively more suitable for both short and long durations, however, host eggs stored at 10, 12, 14 and 16 o C proved good only for short term duration. Storage of the parasitoid, T. chilonis at a temperature of 10 o C, proved to be effective for highest percent emergence, percent parasitism and adult longevity. Among different concentrations of honey as adult food, its 10% solution showed best results for male and female longevity and other biological parameters, however, reduced longevity was observed with increased in concentration of honey solution. The optimum rearing temperature for T. chilonis was found to be 28 o C at which developmental period was optimal; parasitism, adult longevity and emergence of T. chilonis from host eggs were higher as compared to other temperatures. Storage temperature of 8 o C seemed to be optimum for C. carnea eggs for 20 days with minimum xxiidetrimental effects on developing embryo inside the egg. This temperature (10 o C) was almost good for short term (20 days) and long term (40 days) storage durations. Moreover, reproductive parameters of C. carnea adults remained good up to 90 days storage of eggs at this temperature. The impact of different rearing temperatures on the developmental and reproductive parameters of C. carnea proved best at 25 o C. Host eggs of Plodia interpunctella and S. cerealella showed no differences upon the quality of developmental traits of T. chilonis and C. carnea, and both hosts showed comparable results for rearing. Evaluation of the field releases of parasitoid T. chilonis, through different methods inferred that micro-cages not only increased the releases and parasitism but also protected the parasitoids from unfavorable environmental conditions. Evaluation of C. carnea releases in the field showed that the releases of larvae were having more survival as compared to the releases in egg form. Therefore, it is suggested that predator should be released in the larval form to get more consistent field results. Parasitism by T. chilonis on host eggs at different distances under the field conditions revealed that the searching ability and parasitism were gradually decreased as the distance increased from the place of release. Survival of T. chilonis and C. carnea under field conditions varied according to the prevailing environment of the field. Comparative evaluation of the bio-control agents (T. chilonis and C. carnea) in management of Helicoverpa armigera, Earias vittella, Bemisia tabaci, Thrips tabaci and Aphis gossypii in cotton under natural field conditions during the years 2007 and 2008 exhibited that integration of bio-control agents, enhanced the suppression of these pests as compared to the untreated control.
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67. Al-Mulk/The Sovereignty

67. Al-Mulk/The Sovereignty

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

67:01
a. Blessed is HE WHO holds the reins of Sovereignty over all existence in HIS Hand,
b. and HE Manifests Sovereignty over all existence.

67:02
a. The One WHO created the phenomenon of the death and the life.
b. So that HE may test you between life and death to see which one of you would be most virtuous in deeds that pleased HIM.
c. And HE is The Almighty, The Ever-Forgiving.

67:03
a. It is also HE WHO created the seven celestial realms, one above the other in full harmony with one another.
b. You will not see any imperfection in this creation of The Immensely Merciful.
c. Then turn up your sight again!
d. Can you see any discrepancy or flaw?

67:04
a. Then turn up your sight again and again!
b. Your sight will come back to you bewildered and fatigued, unable to find any discrepancy
or flaw.

67:05
a. And, indeed, WE adorned the lowest sky to the earthly life with lamps,
b. and WE made such shooting stars/meteors that would fend off every approaching satanic evil force,
c. and, additionally, WE have prepared for them the punishment of the Blazing Fire.

67:06
a. And for those who disbelieve in their Rabb- The Lord is the punishment of Hell.
b. And it is going to be an awful and woeful destination!

67:07
a. As they would be flung into it, they will hear its furor - as it boils up,

67:08

حقوق النازحين والمهجرين المدنية في الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الدولي

الملخص: يهدف البحث إلى بيان مصطلحات النزوح والنازحين والتهجير والمهجرين، وصولاً إلى أحكام النازحين والمهجرين، وانتهاءً بإبراز حقوقهم المدنية، والاجتماعية، والسياسية، والاقتصادية، التي كفلتها الشريعة الإسلامية، والقانون الدولي. إن موضوع أحكام وحقوق النازحين والمهجرين الذي تناولته هذه الدراسة بالمنهج الوصفي التحليلي والمقارن من وجهة نظر شرعية، ومن وجهة نظر قانونية، موضوع واسع يتطرق إلى مناقشة أهم الأحكام المتعلقة بالنازحين والمهجرين، وبيان موقف الشريعة الإسلامية، والقانون الدولي من حقوقهم المقررة شرعاً وقانوناً، إذ أكدت الدراسة على تحريم الشريعة الاسلامية الاعتداء على حق الحياة المكفول للنازحين والمهجرين، وأكدت على حق الحرية لهم، والمساواة، وعدم التمييز، وكذلك القانون الدولي، وكان من أهم النتائج إبراز صلاحية الشريعة الإسلامية لكل الأزمنة والأمكنة، والظروف والحوادث، وشمولها لكل جوانب الحياة، وعمومها لكافة البشر، وتبين أن تعليمات الشريعة الإسلامية، وترسيخها لأحكام النازحين والمهجرين، وإثباتها لحقوقهم جاءت سابقة لما نصت عليه مواد القانون الدولي، وسائر القوانين الوضعية بمئات السنين، وأوصى الباحث المجامع الفقهية، والجهات ذات العلاقة بتبني نشر تعاليم الإسلام، وإبرازه، فهو كفيل بحل جميع مشاكل العالم في هذا الجانب بأحسن الطرق، وأسهلها. الكلمات المفتاحية: النازحين، المهجرين، الشريعة الإسلامية، القانون الدولي، حقوق الإنسان، حفظ النفس، حرية الدين، حرية التغيير.

Agrarian Economy of the Bahawalpur State: 1866-1947

This research aims at providing a historical analysis of the Agrarian perspective of a regional economy and the development process of its parameters using the State of Bahawalpur as both a specific context as well as a perspective. It approaches the State as a distinct entity, which had its own specific social, economic, and political conditions that interacted with external ideas especially during the period in its history when it was under the British Agency administration. Generally, the studies on economic history, particularly on the themes of agrarian history, agricultural development and its social impact, and the phenomena of State and society relationship are rare, which renders this discipline largely an unchartered territory in the princely India context. This thesis is an effort towards that end and adds to the scant body of literature on the topic. The native agrarian system of the State, having a pastoral outlook, had large potential for socio-economic uplift. This provided the basis for new initiatives of fundamental importance to develop the State‟s infrastructure in socio-economic sectors, especially under the Agency rule, which overhauled almost each department of the administration and adapted the constitutional mechanism of political power to shore up the economic growth. The provision of proprietary rights to the peasantry ensured the secure lease of land to them and acted as the major income-generator in the agricultural economy of the region. As a result, it also significantly increased the land revenue of the State, which was realized through the colonial apparatus of the settlements of land. This revenue largely was subsequently reinvested into two major areas; irrigation and colonization projects. These projects remain the major focus and form the main research questions of this study, which scopes both the ventures because they were broadly interlinked and consequential, and played a significant part in updating and leveraging the economy of the State. In parallel, a transformation from an aboriginal outlook to agricultural character was also occurring in the States‟ economy and the social matrix of the State was changing under the influence of the skillful and experienced colonists from the British Punjab. Along with the above noted projects, the research methodology also scopes and scales this phenomenon. Mainly, archival research and analysis methods have been employed to investigate the socio-economic dynamics underpinning the traditional agricultural practices and customary relations that were gradually replaced by the modern cultivating accomplishment. Relevant official documents provided the substance in this regard and both the qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to extract and glean required data. A wide range of other more specific methodological practices- from fundamental historiographic skills and strategies for archival investigations to formal analytic techniques such as content analysis and multidimensional scaling are used to interpret the phenomena of socio-economic development and administrative control of the Bahawalpur State in the context of main research questions outlined above.