عورت اور مصری تہذیب
قدیم مصری تہذیب میں اکثر و بیشتر بادشاہ اپنی بہن سے شادی کرتا حتیٰ کہ بیٹی سے بھی شادی رچائی جاتی تھی ۔اس کے لیے تاویل یہ پیش کی جاتی کہ شاہی خون خالص رہے۔ فرعونی دور کی تحریروں کو جب ڈی کوڈ کیا گیا تو معلوم ہو ا کہ مصری شاعری میں لفظ بھائی بہن محبوب اور محبوبہ کے معنوںمیں بھی استعمال ہوتا تھا ۔بادشاہوں کے حرموں میں بہنوں کے علاوہ سینکڑوں کنیزیں رکھنے کا شوق اپنی جگہ مگر متوسط آمدنی والے مصر کے عام لوگ یک زوجگی پر قانع رہتے تھے ۔خانگی زندگی بدیہی طور پر بڑی حد تک بہتر تھی۔عورت کو طلاق دینا آسان نہ تھا ۔عقد میں آنے والی عورت کو جائیداد میں اچھا خاصا حصہ ملتا۔ایک مغربی مفکر کا قول ہے کہ کسی بھی قدیم یا جدید تہذیب نے عورت کو وہ بلند قانونی رتبہ نہیں دیا جتنا وادی ِ نیل کے باشندوں نے دیا۔ اپنی تند خو (سقراطی) بیویوں کو گھر میں بند رکھنے کے عادی یونانی سیاح یہ آزادی دیکھ کر ششدر رہ جاتے ۔ فرعونی دور کے ادب میں عورت کی حیثیت اور عظمت کے گُن گائے جاتے تھے۔ مصری عورت سے محبت ایک قومی فریضہ سمجھا جاتا تھا۔ مصری مرد کو صرف مصری عورت سے ہی قلبی اور جنسی وابستگی کی ترغیب دی جاتی۔ ایک مصری بزرگ اپنے سننے والوں کو سمجھاتے ہیں کہ’’ باہر سے آنے والی ایسی عورتوں سے ہوشیار رہو ۔یہ گہرے پانیوں کے بھنور کی مانند ہوتی ہیں‘‘۔اسی طرح ایک مصری اپنے بیٹے کو نصیحت کرتے ہوئے لکھتا ہے کہ’’اگر تم نے اپنا گھر کامیابی کے ساتھ سجا سنوار لیا ہے اور خوب صورت ترین بیوی تمھاری آغوش میں ہے تو اس کا پیٹ بھرو اور کمر پر کپڑا ڈالو۔اس کی خوشی کا سامان مہیا کرو کیوں...
One of the problems that still occur in Indonesia today is the weakness of the Government Internal Control System (SPIP). This is indicated by the many findings of BPK's examination of weaknesses in the government's internal control system. In this case, there is a role for government internal auditors that are highly expected to create an effective and sustainable control system. This study aims to determine the effect of the role of APIP in implementing the Maturity of the SPIP at the Inspectorate Kab. South Solok. This research is a quantitative. The population and sample in this research were all government internal supervisory apparatus at the Inspectorate Kab. South Solok. Data collection technique used is through a questionnaire. The analysis technique used in this research is descriptive statistical analysis. The instrument were tested using validity test, reliability test, and normality test. Data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the role of leadership, internal supervisors, consultants, and catalysts had a positive effect on the implementation of the maturity of SPIP. While the role of quality assurance has a negative effect on the implementation of the maturity of SPIP.
The study determined to find out the status of English language teaching at primary level by focusing grade 4 in the government primary schools in Punjab, Pakistan, after the introduction of English as a compulsory subject from grade 1 in 2002. To accomplish this, three tools were designed; questionnaire for teachers, a classroom observation checklist and an achievement test for grade 4 students. 5000 students of grade 4 were tested; classroom teaching of 200 teachers teaching English to grade 4 at 200 primary schools was observed, and the questionnaire was administered on the same teachers. In an effort towards providing opportunities to public school students to develop communicative competence in all the four skills of English language in primary years, instead of grade 6, the Punjab government introduced English to be taught from grade 1 and accordingly designed the curriculum in the light of this objective. The study indicates that even after four years of teaching English and the in-service teacher training imparted to the teachers, the teaching methodology is based on the classical approach rather than skills-oriented one, hence the general aims and objectives of English curriculum for enabling primary level students to have communicative competence with respect to their grade level, have not been achieved so far. The students are found lacking in all the language skills in general, listening and speaking skills in particular. It has been also observed that much time is spent on the completion of syllabus which does not allow catering to the language education needs of the learners. English is taught mostly without teaching aids, and teachers despite being academically and professionally qualified do not practise learner-centred teaching. This occurs due to the gap between ivteachers’ theoretical knowledge and the application of their pedagogical skills in the classroom which ultimately results in poor communicative competence of the students. Teachers do not design skills oriented class exercises and tests for assessing the achievement of students in English because they are not effectively motivated to incorporate their updated skills in their instruction. In addition, a bit undue pressure on syllabus covering within the stipulated time and the absence of proper monitoring of teachers in the class after getting training as well as positive reinforcement from the administration came out to be other factors responsible for this not so encouraging status of English language teaching. However, the study reflects that the textbook does provide for the needs related to the grade and age of the learners having sufficient practice exercises for the learning of English language skills. The study concludes with a discussion of possible ways of bringing positive change in the present scenario. The conclusion and recommendations outline more realistic efforts in revising the methods of teaching, having a proper monitoring and evaluation system, and enhancing teachers’ motivation for incorporating appropriate teaching techniques in the teaching of English to have better competence in students’ communication in English language. This further suggests drawing connections between teaching of the textbook and the curriculum aims for practically consistent application of skills oriented teaching of English in government schools at the primary level.