Studies on plant growth regulation and boron (B) nutrition for improving earliness, productivity, quality and nutrient dynamics of cotton were conducted in two field experiment at Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2014 and 2015, and two pot experiments at Agro-Biology Lab Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2015 and 2016. In first field experiment the treatments were two planting densities (55333 and 88888 plants ha-1 maintained by varying the plant spacing i.e. 25 and 15 cm, respectively), foliar application of mepiquat chloride solution (0 and 70 ppm at squarin=-g and flowering stage) and foliar application of B solution (0, 600 and 1200 ppm). In second field experiment treatments were foliar application of mepiquat chloride solution (0 and 70 ppm at squaring and flowering stage) and soil application of B (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 kg ha-1). Water was sprayed as control in both experiments. In pot experiments seed obtained from both field experiments was used for a soil bioassay to determine the effect of maternal B nutrition, growth regulation and planting density induced changes on progeny performance in terms of emergence and seedling growth. The results revealed that plant growth and development was improved by B nutrition through foliar and/or soil application while decreased by mepiquat chloride. However, taller plants with lesser monopodial and sympodial branches were produced at higher planting density. Application of B, mepiquat chloride and increasing planting density enhanced the earliness and production rate index. Moreover, dry matter partitioning to reproductive structures was increased by foliar and/or soil application of B and foliar application of mepiquat chloride. Total dry matter production as well as dry matter partitioning to reproductive structures was enhanced at higher planting density. Seed cotton, lint and cotton seed yield was improved interactively by foliar and/or soil applied B and mepiquat chloride application by improving the number of bolls and boll weight. Likewise, increasing the planting density produced higher yield by increasing the boll density; while, foliar applied B significantly interacted with planting density in this regard. Some of the fiber quality attributes were improved by B, decreased by higher planting density while did not affect by mepiquat chloride application. However, the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids was improved synergistically by foliar and /or soil applied B and foliar applied mepiquat chloride but decreased by increasing the planting density. Oil and protein yield was increased by application of B and mepiquat chloride, as well as increasing the planting density. Moreover, uptake and translocation of nutrients (N, P, K, B, Zn and Fe except Mn), nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and critical value of B was improved by B and mepiquat chloride. Mepiquat chloride application significantly interacted with B in improving the leaf and seed B contents. However, increasing the planting density decreased the leaf and seed nutrient contents, and critical value of B, while, increased the NUE. It was observed that earliness, yield, photosynthetic pigments, nutritional quality as well as nutrient uptake and translocation was enhanced by increasing the B dosage (both foliar and soil application) and mepiquat chloride application at squaring stage. Furthermore, economic analysis also revealed that higher profits and benefit cost ratio was obtained by foliar application 1200 ppm B solution in combination with mepiquat chloride (squaring stage) at higher planting density as well as application of 2.5 kg B ha-1 in combination with mepiquat chloride (squaring stage). The soil bioassays showed that the application of both foliar as well as soil fed B and mepiquat chloride application on maternal cotton plants improved the emergence, seedling vigour and biomass accumulation in offspring; while, sowing of maternal plants at higher planting density imposed a negative effect on these traits.
تناولت الورقة البحثية العلاقة الإيجابية بين كل من الإفصاح المحاسبي عن المعلومات الواجب توافرها ونشرها عن المنشأة، من خلال أساليب الإفصاح التي هي الطرق التي تسهل فهم وقراءة البيانات المالية، وكل أسلوب يكمل ويفسر كل غموض وارد في القوائم المالية خاصة وأن الإفصاح ضرورة مهمة تقتضيها عملية توصيل المعلومات المناسبة وبالنوعية المطلوبة في الوقت المناسب. كما ناقش الباحثون مفهوم المحاسبة الإبداعية وممارساتها، وكيفية تسكين هذه الممارسات بين الجائزة وعدم الجائزة، حيث تطرق الباحثون إلى هذه الممارسات التي تضمنتها المعايير الدولية لإعداد التقارير المالية . IFRS
The present study is restricted to the isolation, morphological and molecular characterization of Sordaria fimicola by applying PCR based molecular markers coupled with high resolution melt analysis to obtain adequate data for measuring genetic variations. All the collected samples isolated from different herbivore dung samples were plated; incubated and S. fimicola colonies were identified on solid PDA media. A total of 61 fungal isolates of S. fimicola were isolated by moist chamber and single plate isolation techniques. The effect of different physical parameters such as pH (4.5-8), temperature (20-45 ºC), carbon (cellulose, glucose and maltose), nitrogen sources (sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and casein hydrolysate) and UV light on the mycelial and perithecial growth was also determined on different strains of S. fimicola. Present attempt was made to gauge molecular differences on Sordaria fimicola‟s genome present on site of Evolution Canyon. All strains and isolates were authenticated by targeting internal transcribed spacer and hypervariable regions (ITS1, ITS2, full ITS, V3, V4 and V9). No sequence variations were observed in case of ITS and V9 regions while two polymorphic sites on position 212 A (C); 213 G (A) were found in V3 and V4 region in strains isolated from the south slope of Evolution Canyon. The PCR-based technique of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to fingerprint and assess the genetic relatedness among eight isolates of the fungus S. fimicola isolated from various areas of Lahore, Pakistan. Each DNA sample was amplified with each of eight RAPD primers during the initial screening and the products were resolved on 1.5 % agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide and snapped under gel documentation system. ii Four primers failed to show any amplification but the remaining four (50 %) primers generated a total of 22 bands (5.5 bands per primer) among the eight isolates of S. fimicola. Of these 22 resolved bands, 13 (3.5 per primer) were polymorphic and the remaining 9, bands were common (monomorphic) among these isolates. The least efficient primer was R8 (1.79 %), while the most efficient one was R3 (8.93 %). Primer R3 had the highest PIC value (0.5) and identified all eight isolates through unique patterns of banding. Jaccard similarity coefficient ranged between 0.2-0.6. Sequence products of 485 bp and 811 bp long nucleotides were obtained from two RAPD loci (RL-7 and RL4) and converted to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR400 and SCAR500) markers for S. fimicola. Another aim of the experiment was to look for natural genetic variation in different natural strains of Sordaria fimicola isolated from natural and stressed ecological conditions of Evolution Canyon. It was challenging because there was no sequence information at the time, and I was required to design a set of PCR primers that would reliably amplify in S. fimicola and it was hoped that the amplified products were polymorphic. Hence the decision was made to target randomly selected genes and regions containing short sequence repeats, putting primers in the exonic parts to amplify the intron(s) they flank and used S. macrospora sequence information to strategically place the "exon-primed, intron-crossing" primers to determine nucleotide variations in fifty strains of Sordaria fimicola by sequencing PCR amplicons. As compared to the strains isolated from the north slope, strains isolated from the south slope exhibited point mutations on various positions and enrichment of short sequence repeats was observed more in strains isolated from the south slope of EC. Frequency clock proteins are significant factor of circadian clocks which regulate gene expression that react to various environmental conditions in many organisms and are iii principally involved in rhythmic movements displayed by numerous filamentous fungi. Mating type a-1 proteins, encoded by mat-a-1 genes, control the sexual compatibility and vegetative incompatibility with A mating types in many ascomycetes. In this study, I have also explored the phosphorylation and glycosylation status of frequency clock and mating type a1 proteins on serine/threonine/tyrosine residues using NetPhos3.1 and YinOYang 2.1 server.