A series of experiments were conducted to determine the ability of different chemicals and plant extracts to induce resistance in chickpea plant against A. rabiei disease in the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Firstly two hundred and seventy seven advanced lines/cultivars of chickpea obtained from various International and Indigenous Organizations were screened during the Rabi season 2005-06 for the source of resistance against chickpea blight disease by artificial inoculation of the germplasm with pycniosspore suspension of the pathogen. The screening revealed 02, 38, 39, 49 and 149 lines/cultivars to be highly resistant (immune), resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible while in the next experiments 49 susceptible lines/cultivars were sown for the purpose of induction of resistance in high yielding lines/cultivars by comparing their yield potential under disease free and artificially inoculated The results revealed that the three chickpea cultivars C-44 with (575 kg h -1 ), Bittle-98 (543.75 kg h -1 ) and Pb-91 (533.50 kg h -1 ) gave highest yield under disease free as well as under artificially inoculated conditions with yield (144.6 kg h -1 ), (132.8 kg h -1 ) (111.2 kg h -1 ) of C-44, Bittle-98, and Pb-91 respectively. Upon induction of resistance by chemicals i.e. salicylic acid, Bion ® , KOH and plant extracts i.e. Azadirachta indica, Datura metel and Allium sativum revealed that significant disease reduction (79%) was provided by Bion ® in the cultivar C-44 at 1.2mM dose rate as compared to salicylic acid, however, the least was showed by KOH. Among the plant extracts the maximum disease reduction (43.5%) against the disease was observed by the application of Azadirachta indica leaf extract while Datura metel and Allium sativum did not prove effective in reducing the disease at the same time this resistance was remained persistent for 14 days. The analysis of mineral contents of induced un-inoculated and induced inoculated chickpea plants after seven and fourteen days revealed there were increased after the induction of resistance but this increase was more significant (P ≤ 0.05) upon inoculation with the pathogen after 14 th day time interval by the application of chemical but it was not significant in case of plant extract expect neem. Only Na content was decreased in Bion applied plant in the cultivar C-44 and Pb-98 further more Cu content was also decreased in salicylic acid, Bion and neem leaf extract treated plants in the cultivar C-44. The amino acids contents were also determined of both the induced un-inoculated and induced inoculated chickpea plants showed that the quantity of methionine, isolucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine content increased after induction and inoculation in three cultivars of chickpea and comparatively higher than induced un-inoculated plants. Increase in lysine content was more in C-44 upon inoculation in case of Bion and salicylic acid treatment but it decreased in Bittle-98. Arginine and aspartic acid contents also increased in all the cultivars expect in Bittle-98, however, aspartic acid content increased in case of garlic application. Variable response was also shown by threonine content by the application of chemicals and inoculation with pathogen in all the cultivars. Serine contents decreased in KOH, neem and datura extracts application in Bittle-98. Glutamic acid show variable response while proline decreased in C-44 and Bittle-98 after application of garlic extract. Glycine content decreased in Bittle-98 otherwise it increased in all the other cultivars. Garlic application showed decrease in alanine content in Pb-91 and Bittle-98.
فضول خرچی ایک برائیفضول خرچی ایک برائی نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز سامعین اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’فضول خرچی ایک برائی ‘‘ صدرِذی وقار! دولت اگر حلال ذرائع سے میسر آجائے تو وہ ایک نعمت غیر مترقبہ سے کم نہیں ہے، دولت کے حصول کی خاطر انسان شب وروز ایک کر دیتا ہے، دن رات محنت کرتا ہے، انتھک جدوجہد کرتا ہے، غیر معمولی مساعی کرتا ہے، اس کی جملہ توانائیاں صرف اور صرف اس مقصد کی خاطر صرف ہوجاتی ہیں اور پھر ایک وقت ایسا آتا ہے کہ وہ شہر خاموشاں کا رخ کر لیتا ہے۔ محترم صدر! مال و دولت کمانے کے لیے خون پسینہ ایک کرنا پڑتا ہے اور خواہ کتنا خرماں نصیب ہے وہ شخص جو اللہ تعالیٰ کے اس انعام کو بے دریغ خرچ کرتا ہے۔ لہو و لعب میں اپنی کمائی ضائع کر دیتا ہے۔ عیش وعشرت میں زندگی گزارتا ہے اور اس طرح اس کے لمحات حیات گزرتے رہتے ہیں۔ فضول خرچ انسان نہ صرف اپنا نقصان کرتا ہے بلکہ اپنے خویش و اقارب کے لیے سم قاتل ثابت ہوتا ہے۔ صدرِذی وقار! ارشادِ باری تعالیٰ ہے کہ بے شک فضول خرچ شیطان کے بھائی ہوتے ہیں اسی طرح دیگر مقام پر آیا ہے کہ شیطان انسان کا کھلا دشمن ہے اور دشمن کا بھائی بھی دوست نہیںہوسکتا اس سے بھلائی کی توقع نہیں کی جاسکتی اور پھر مسلمان ہونے کے ناتے فضول خرچی نہ صرف عیب ہے بلکہ گناہ بھی ہے اور مسلمان کبھی گناہ کو پسند نہیں کرتا۔ ہمیشہ ایسے ذرائع استعمال کرتا ہے کہ جس سے اس کو سکون میسر آئے اور روحانی تازگی نصیب ہو، فضول خرچ بھی طمانیت...
Background and Aims: The study identified the risks of increased screen time on generation z considering two parameters i.e., insomnia and obesity and the moderating role of self-control.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted by convenient sampling technique. The survey only included people who were born between 1997 and 2002. The analysis of the effects of variables took into account only a few parameters. Discriminant validity and convergent validity was used to check reliability and validity while path coefficient analyzed the hypothesis.
Results: Binge-watching has positive significant impact on insomnia and obesity (p<0.05), and the self-control strongly effect the relationship of binge-watching, obesity and insomnia as a moderator (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Binge-watching caused insomnia and obesity while self-control in direct relation to obesity and insomnia controlled the prevalence rate. The moderating role of self-control showed that insufficiency of self-control during binge-watching led to obesity and insomnia. The outcome indicated that Generation Z needs to be encouraged to practice self-control through public health initiatives, social media, seminars, workshops, etc. At the same time, people need to be made aware of how binge-watching affects their health.
Keywords: Insomnia, obesity, self-control, screen time, technology, mortality, exercise.
This study attempts to test association between impulse buying and cognitive dissonance. Some of other
results were unveiled. A high level of association was shown in females and impulse buying but not with the
income level. Sales promotion was also highly associated with the impulse buying. Bank card payment
demonstrated a positive behavior though it was not strong enough. Sample of 200 respondents was selected
on convenience basis. A close ended questionnaire was used. Two hundred questionnaires were distributed to
a convenience sample in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. 168 valid questionnaires were received and included for
the analysis. Cronbach's alpha and Factor loading were used to check the reliability and validity of the data
respectively. Linear regression and T-test were applied to determine the relationship among the variables.
Normality was tested through pp plot, mean and standard deviation.
The conclusion and suggestions given in this study will be helpful for the strategy makers and consumers both
to avoid cognitive dissonance. Self-knowledge will be useful for the consumer for better understanding of
market and to make prudent buying decisions in future. This research will be useful for marketers to
understand consumer behavior in order to craft better strategies, which will keep the consumer satisfied,
happy and stick with the organization. The new input of the study might come from the lack of research in the
area of impulse buying, cognitive dissonance and their relationship.