Three independent studies using male Kajli lambs at post-weaning, growing and finishing stages were designed and undertaken to examine the effect of different protein sources with or without probiotics on growth performance and carcass characteristics. In the trial I, 32 male Kajli lambs at three months age were randomly divided into eight groups of four animals each in a 4×2 factorial arrangement. Four iso-caloric (70% TDN) and iso- nitrogenous (22% CP) diets were formulated with four different protein sources i.e. corn gluten meal 30% (CGM), canola meal (CM), cotton seed meal (CSM) and sunflower meal (SFM) containing either 0 or 50g of probiotics (Protexin®)/ ton of feed. In trial II and III, lambs were again randomized and given the same treatment as in trial I. However, crude protein (CP) content of diets was reduced from 22 to 18% in trial II and 18 to14% in trial III. In trial I, higher (P<0.05) dry matter (DM) and CP intake, DM, CP, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility, blood glucose, N-balance and total weight gain were observed in lambs fed CM diet than those fed CGM, CSM and SFM diets. However, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and serum minerals remained unaltered (P>0.05) in lambs fed diets containing different protein sources. Neutral detergent fibre and ADF digestibility and blood glucose was higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed diets containing probiotics. Dry matter and CP intake and their digestibility, BUN, creatinine, serum minerals, N-balance and total weight gain remained unaltered (P>0.05). In trial II, higher (P<0.05) DM and CP intake, blood glucose, N-balance and total weight gain were noticed in lambs fed CM diet than those fed CGM, CSM and SFM diets. However, diets containing different protein source didn’t affect (P>0.05) the DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibility, BUN, creatinine and serum minerals. Neutral detergent fibre and ADF digestibility and total weight gain was higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed diets containing probiotics. However, diets containing probiotics didn’t influence (P>0.05) DM and CP intake, DM and CP digestibility, BUN, blood glucose, creatinine, serum minerals and N-balance. In trial III, higher (P<0.05) DM and CP intake, N-balance and total weight gain were observed in lambs fed CM diet than those fed CGM, CSM and SFM diets. However, DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibility, BUN, blood glucose, creatinine and serum minerals remained unaltered (P>0.05) in lambs fed diets containing different protein source. Acid detergent fibre digestibility and total weight gain was higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed diets containing probiotics however, DM and CP intake, DM, CP and NDF digestibility, BUN, blood glucose, creatinine, serum minerals and N- balance remained unaffected (P>0.05). Hot carcass weights of lambs differed significantly (P<0.05) in lambs fed diets containing different protein sources with or without probiotics. However, dressing percentage (DP) and skin, feet, heart, liver and lungs weight remained unaltered (P>0.05) across all the treatments. The higher DP was observed in lambs fed CM diets, whereas it was lower in lambs fed SFM diet. Leg, loin, shoulder, breast and neck weights of the half carcass of the lambs remained unaffected (P>0.05) across all the treatments. Crude protein content of carcass was different (P<0.05) in lambs fed diets containing different protein source with or without probiotics, while moisture, ether extract and ash contents remained unaltered (P>0.05) across all treatments. The ratio of lean, fat and bone in primal cuts of half carcass (neck, shoulder, breast, loin and leg) remained unchanged (P>0.05) across all the treatments, except for the proportion of lean in shoulder, bone in loin and fat in legs, which was affected (P<0.05) by the diets containing different protein sources. In short, the lambs fed CM diets performed better than those fed CGM, CSM and SFM diets in all the three trials. Diets containing probiotics improved weight gain in trial II and III but not in trial I.
پروفیسر محمد مجیب ان سطروں کے لکھتے وقت پروفیسر محمد مجیب، سابق وائس چانسلر جامعہ ملیہ دہلی کے انتقال ِ پر ملال کی خبر ملی، ان کی وفات ایک ایثارپسند محب وطن ، ایک بہت ہی قابلِ قدر مصنف، اردو زبان و ادب کے ایک بہت ہی لائق عزت اور جانثار اہلِ قلم، جامعہ ملیہ کے ایک بہت ہی شفیق اور محبوب وائس چانسلر، ایک بہت اچھے انسان ، علم دوست و علم پرور کی رحلت ہے، سرِ دست ان کے لیے دعا ہے کہ اﷲ تبارک و تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی بے پایاں رحمتوں اوربرکتوں سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ آمین۔ (صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، فروری ۱۹۸۵ء)
Media has wide spectrum in modern world such that it is known as fourth pillar of state. Media has made convenient and has provided numerous facilities. Apart from this media also has shortcoming. Media has wide application in modern world and it is used for different purposes but it has influenced the field of business significantly. In field of business there are various methods to advertise their products and goods but the role of media cannot be neglected nowadays. The owners of industries and factories find it the most suitable ways of enhancing the sale of their products and goods. Therefore advertising has become the most profitable and productive source of income because every company spend a huge amount in order to advertise their products. The Islam has allowed the human being to widen their business through fair means but it is necessary to analyze the Islamic and moral perspective of advertisement so that Muslims may know about the limitation of issue and under its constraints they can be benefited. In this article we will elaborate the Islamic significance and limitations of advertising.
This study was divided into four phases. The main objective of the first phase of study was to evaluate the performance of broiler breeders. For this purpose, a complete production data of 20 Hubbard Classic broiler breeder flocks from 26 to 60 weeks of age was collected at random for the years 2005 to 2011. The average percentages of egg production, hatchable eggs, egg weight and egg hatchability was found as 65.7%, 96.3%, 64.7 g and 79.3%, respectively during production period. At 60 week of age, average egg weight, hen housed eggs, hen housed hatchable eggs and number of chicks produced per hen housed were 69.8 g, 149.8, 145.1 and 119.10, respectively. Feed consumptions per hatchable egg and day-old chick were 395 and 486 g, respectively. Male and female body weights at 60 week were observed as 4785 and 3929 g, respectively. Only 30% flocks were spiked during production cycle. Spiking of young males with aged males was started from 41 week and continued to 55 week. The average production performances differed significantly (p≤0.05) with strain standards and most of production parameters were below the strain standards. It was also observed that a strong positive correlation (r2 =0.980) between hatchability and number of chicks produced per hen housed, and a strong negative correlation (r2 = -0.833) between the number of chicks produced per hen housed and feed consumed to produce one day-old chick per hen housed exist in broiler breeders. Generally, it was observed that poultry breeders who, followed poor management practices, resulted in low numbers (119.1) of day-old chicks per hen house than strain standard (139). 24 In second phase, the objective was to study the effect of egg size and age on egg quality traits during early (30wk), mid (45wk) and late (60wk) stages of production period in broiler breeder. A commercial broiler breeder flock of Hubbard Classic strain (25 week old) was selected for study. A total of 2000 Hubbard Classic females and 180 males (male to female ratio 1: 11) were selected and reared in the poultry house. During 4-8 hour of light periods, a total of 930 hatchable eggs were selected at the early, mid and late stage of production period and equally distributed into 3 egg-sized categories (small, medium and large). Ten (10) eggs from each egg category were analyzed for the egg quality parameters within 24 hours of laying. At an early stage of production period, the results revealed that yolk weight augmented (p≤0.05) with increase of egg size but all other egg quality parameters (shell weight, shell thickness, albumen weight, yolk to albumen ratio, shape index and specific gravity) were not influenced (p≥0.05) by egg size. At mid stage of production period, shell weight, shape index and specific gravity were reduced (p≤0.05) with increase in egg size and shell thickness, yolk weight, albumen weight and yolk to albumen ratio were not influenced (p≥0.05) by egg size. At late stage of production cycle, shell weight, shell thickness, shape index and specific gravity were reduced (p≤0.05) with increase of egg size and yolk weight, albumen weight and yolk to albumen ratio were not influenced (p≥0.05) by egg size. The egg weight increased (p≤0.05) with age. Yolk weight and yolk to albumen ratio were improved (p≤0.05) while shell thickness, albumen weight, shape index and specific gravity were reduced (p≤0.05) with advancing of broiler breeder age. In third phase, the objective was to study the effects of egg size (small, medium and large) and flock ages (30, 45 and 60 wks) on hatchability 25 and chick quality traits. A total of 300 hatchable eggs from each egg category were selected at early, mid and late stage of production period. These eggs were shifted to broiler hatchery and stored at 20 oC and 75% relative humidity for 3 days prior to incubation. The results showed that egg weight loss percentage decreased (p≤0.05) with increase of egg size at all stages of production period, and advancing age of breeder hen. Fertility and hatchability parameters were influenced (p≤0.05) by egg size and age. The best combination of fertility and hatchability values were recorded in medium-sized eggs (60-69g) and at mid stage of production period. Maximum (p≤0.05) embryonic deaths during incubation and higher percentage (p≤0.05) of infertile eggs were observed in small-sized eggs (<51g) and extralarge-sized eggs (>70g) but the embryonic deaths were not influenced (p≥0.05) by age of breeder hen. Maximum (p≤0.05) infertile eggs, pipped-not-hatched eggs and culled chicks were recorded in older (60wk) as compared to younger (30, 45wk) broiler breeders. Chick weight and chick length were amplified (p≤0.05) with increase of egg size at all stages and chick yield at late stage of production period. Chick weight and chick length were improved (p≤0.05), however chick yield was not influenced (p≥0.05) by age of breeder hen. In fourth phase, the objective was to determine the effect of broiler breeder egg size and age on post-hatching performance of broiler chicks. A total of 90 day-old chicks (45♂ and 45♀) from each egg-sized category were reared for 5 weeks at early, mid and late stage of production period. The results showed that live body weight of both sex of broiler improved (p≤0.05) with increasing the egg size during the first 3 week and become insignificant 26 (p≥0.05) from 4th week of age at all stages of production cycle. Similarly, the chick growth improved (p≤0.05) during first 2 week with age of breeder hen. However, the influence of age on chick growth from 3rd to 5th weeks was non-significant (p≥0.05). At 3rd week of broiler age, feed intake of broiler (both sex) at early stage, feed intake of female at mid stage and feed intake of male at late stage of production period increased significantly (p≤0.05) with increasing in egg size. However, influence of egg size on broiler (both sex) feed intake during first, second, fourth and fifth week of growing period was non-significant (p≥0.05). Breeder age had non-significant (p≥0.05) effect on broiler feed intake from 1st to 5th weeks of age. Generally, egg size had non-significant (p≥0.05) effect on broiler FCR. However, female broiler FCR significantly (p≤0.05) improved with increasing of egg size during 2nd and 3rd week of growth period at early and late stage of production period. Broiler chicks (regardless sex) hatched from 45 week old breeder had efficient FCR at 5th week than broiler from younger (30wk) or older (60wk) breeders. Egg size at different stages of production cycle, and breeder age had non-significant (p≥0.05) effect on mortality of broiler chicks, reared from 1st to 5th weeks of age.