A research study entitled “Influence of thinning intensity, calcium and gibbrellic acid application on fruit yield and quality of peach” was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm and Post harvest Laboratory, The University of Agriculture Peshawar (UAP) in the year 2014-15. The present research project consists of four interlinked experiments. The 1st experiment entitled “Effect of thinning intensity and time on quality fruit yield of peach”. Various thinning intensity i.e. 0, 20, 40 and 60% and thinning time i.e. 7, 14 and 21 days after fruit set) were carried out in peach fruit trees. The experimental results showed that peach fruits trees thinned 60% after 7 days of fruit set significantly improved all the studied attributes but showed more split pits incidence and inferior quality yield of peach. However, the results of 60% fruit thinning were statistically at par with peach fruits thinned 40% after 14 days of fruit set with less split pits incidence and good quality fruits, hence recommended for better quality fruit production of peach. In order to overcome the problem of split pits, another field experiment entitled “influence of irrigation intervals and gibbrellic acid concentrations (GA3) on the split pit incidence and fruit quality of peach” was conducted during the year 2015. Keeping irrigation intervals in main plots and various concentrations of GA3 in subplots, peach trees were irrigated with different intervals (5, 10 and 15 days), sprayed with gibbrellic acid (GA3) concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) in already thinned plant (40% fruit thinning after 14 days of fruit set) optimized from the previous year experiments. The experimental results showed that peach fruit trees irrigated after every 10 days significantly increased the leaf area and other fruit and quality related attributes but most importantly reduced the incidence of split pits. Moreover, application of 100 GA3 concentration proved to be the best in controlling split pit incidence of peach with improving the yield and quality related attributes of peach. Hence, peach fruit trees could be irrigated after every 10 days along with 100 ppm GA3 concentration for better quality fruit production of peach with minimum incidence of split pits. As peach is a highly perishable commodity with short post harvest life. Hence, the third pre and post harvest experiment was conducted to retain the quality attributes of peach with longer shelf life. Various calcium sources (Calcium chloride, calcium nitrate and calcium sulphate) were sprayed at different concentration (0, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0%) on peach fruit trees and the 2 harvested fruits were kept in storage for 30 days with 10 days interval having storage temperature of 8±2 0C at 50% Relative Humidity. The experimental results showed that some of the quality attributes like fruit firmness, fruit calcium content, TSS, TSS-acid ratio of peach fruits were better retained for 30 days by the pre harvest foliar application of 1.0% CaCl2 with minimum percent brown rot incidence, weight loss, ion leakage from cell membrane and cell wall. However, the effect of calcium sources and concentration on other quality attributes such as ascorbic acid content, percent acidity, reducing sugars and non reducing sugars of peach fruits were found non-significant. Pre harvest application of calcium chloride at 1% significantly retained the pre harvest and some of the post harvest attributes but could not retained the other studied quality attributes of peach, so to further enhance the quality of peach fruits, another post harvest experiment entitled “effect of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) concentrations on storability of Peach fruit cv. Early Grand” was conducted during year 2015. Optimum source and dose of calcium (optimized from the previous experiment i.e. calcium chloride at 1%) was applied pre harvest to peach fruit trees. The treated fruits were then dipped in different levels of 1-MCP (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 μg L-1), stored for 40 days at temperature of 8±2 0C with 50% RH. The experimental results showed that 1-MCP at 0.9 μg L-1 reduced weight loss, fruit decay, total soluble content, TSS-acid ratio while retained fruit firmness, acidity, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, free radical scavenging assay, catalase activity, total phenols and antioxidant activity of peach fruits. Peach fruits stored for 40 days showed better performance for most of the quality attribute up to consumer preferences. However, free radical scavenging assay, catalase activity, total phenols and antioxidant activity increased up to 30 days but declined up to 40 days of storage. Therefore, an integrated management of peach fruits with 40% thinning after 14 days of fruit set, irrigated after 10 days, sprayed with 100 ppm GA3 concentration enhanced the fruit size, weight, yield and quality of peach fruits with lower split pit incidence. Moreover, peach fruits trees could be sprayed with CaCl2 at 1.0% and later on treated with 0.9 μg L-1 1-MCP solution for retaining the quality attributes of peach fruit up to 40 days of storage (Temperature = 8±2 0C and 50% RH).
{امتیاز اوجھلؔ (۱۹۴۲ء۔۲۰۱۱ء) کا اصل نام رحمت علی اور اوجھلؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ وہ کوٹلی لوہاراں ضلع سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ ساحرؔ، عدمؔ ،جوشؔ اور فیضؔ سے بہت متاثر ہیں۔ ان کے کلام میں چاروں شعراکا رنگ اور اسلوب نظر آتا ہے۔ ان کا ابتدائی شعری کلام ماہنامہ’’گلِ رو‘‘ کراچی میں شائع ہوا۔ آپ ترقی پسند تحریک سے بھی منسلک رہے۔ (۹۶۹) ان کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’نویدِ سحر‘‘ ۱۹۹۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’اجاڑ جنگل اداس موسم‘‘ ادارہ تخلیقات لاہور نے ۱۹۹۹ء میں شائع کیا ۔ تین شعری مجموعوں کے مسودے راقم الحروف نے انٹر ویو کے دوران ان کے پاس دیکھے جن کے نام ان دنوں زیر غور تھے۔
امتیاز اوجھلؔ غزل کے شاعر ہیں لیکن انھوں نے دیگر اصناف سخن میں طبع آزمائی بھی کی ہے۔ امتیاز انقلابی اور مزاحمتی شاعر ہیں۔ ان کی شاعری میں قدیم روایات سے بغاوت نظر آتی ہے۔ روشن خیالی کا اچھوتا پن ان کی شاعری میں بدرجہ اتم موجود ہے ان کی شاعری میں فکری گہرائی، حیاتِ تازہ کی طرف بلانے والی رہنمائی ،ہوش و خرد میں لپٹے ہوئے جذبوں کا والہانہ اظہار اور فرسودہ معاشرتی طرزِ زندگی پر ایک تعمیری ،مـثبت اور تنقیدی تبصرہ ملتا ہے جو تاریک اور خاموش سناٹوں میں لہراتی ہوئی روشنی کی گونج دار لکیر کی طرح اپنے وجود کا منظر پیش کرتا ہے۔آپ لفظوں کی نئی نئی ترکیبیں ،بندشیں اور استعارے اپنے من چاہے روپ میں ترتیب دیتے ہیں۔ فکری شاعری میں فلسفہ اور جدید سائنس کے متعلقہ پہلوؤں کو نظم کرنا خاصا مشکل مرحلہ لگتا ہے۔ اس کوشش میں امتیازاوجھلؔ کی یہ کوشش اردو شاعری میں ایک قیمتی اور درخشندہ اضافہ سے کم نہیں۔وہ جدید فلسفے کاایک اہم اور مشکل موضوع جدلیاتی مادیت اپنی شاعری میں بڑے خوبصورت انداز میں نظم کرتے ہیں:
Like other major religions of the world, sectarian division took place in Islam too. The major cause of this sectarian division was political in its nature rather than religious. Immediately after the demise of the Holy Prophet (SAW), believers were divided over the question of succession to the Prophet (SAW) which later on culminated in the shape of two sectarian factions i.e. Sunni and Shi‘ah. The present paper will give a complete account of the genesis of Islamic sects including the events that directly intensified shi’ism in Islam.
The prime goal of design and synthesis of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) algorithms and architectures is to meet the throughput requirements of an application in a hardware-economic fashion. Economics of hardware implementation includes an improvement in resource utilization, and power consumption, in the context of widely accepted application performance metrics, such as design throughput, spectral purity, and algorithmic precision. DSP tasks are usually computationally intensive and involve complex operations in real or pseudo-real-time. Choice of implementation hardware platform thus depends upon application requirements such as minimum data rate and signal fidelity keeping within the resource utilization and power consumption budgets. Realization of such cost effective hardware systems requires use of several complexity reduction methods and optimization techniques. Modern Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) include complex slice fabric, intricate routing architectures, large input lookup tables, and specialized hardware blocks. Apart from the configurable logic blocks and routing structure present in classical FPGAs, modern FPGAs have built-in computational blocks for specialized functions. However, optimal system performance, in terms of clock speed, device utilization ratio, and power consumption, can only be achieved with meticulous and careful use of these advanced and specialized hardware resources. Standardized design optimizations used in Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) cannot be directly employed for algorithms to be implemented on FPGAs because of the fixed layout and routing structure of FPGAs. Harnessing the power and flexibility of FPGAs to their full potential to achieve requisite performance and efficiency gains for these cutting-edge applications, necessitates development of customized algorithmic and architectural optimizations. This work concerns two major domains of DSP hardware implementations, firstly, to gain performance enhancement by optimal mapping of digital designs onto the FPGA hardware and secondly, to architect algorithmic transformations for modifying the application architecture to the one more conformant to FPGA implementation. Which in turn, involves the reduction of computational complexity by reducing the number of multipliers and adders as well as achieving the higher data rates through pipelining and efficient encoding. vAdvanced optimizations and customizations for core DSP applications, such as Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters, Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters, complex multipliers, various architectural transformations of multi-input adders, Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC), and multi-rate interpolation and decimation filter implementations have been proposed during the course of this work. Furthermore, this thesis proposes novel design methodologies for generating architectures for optimal mapping on these modern FPGAs containing specialized computational blocks and hardware functional units. The new methods keep in perspective the architectural peculiarities of the target FPGAs, and additionally, apply transformations to achieve higher throughput. The resulting architectures have shown substantial improvement over state of the art designs reported in literature.