سبعۃ اَحرف و قراءاتِ قرآنیہ ؛ایک تحقیقی جائزہ A Research Review of Sab‘a Aḥraf and Recitation of the holy Qur’an in different ways

“This Quran has been revealed in seven different ways; so, recite it in the way that is easier for you.” This hadith is Recurrent in meaning. The narrator Imam Abu Ubaid Qasim Bin Salam (R.A) has elucidated its recurrence. Imam Abn-e- Jouzi (R.A) has collected all its ways in a Journal. What is meant by “Seven Words” in this Hadith? It has been a controversial point among the ulemas and scholars. And no doubt, it has been regarded as the most difficult debate of Uloom-ul- Quran. There have been severe controversies in this regard, so far as Allama Ibn-e - Arabi has mentioned thirty-five sayings. Some of them are as following: Some think these are the ways of recitations of seven famous Qaries. Some think that it means all the ways of recitations. But “Seven” does not means the number 07, because in Arabic language, it is used to describe the plenty of something. Qazi Ayyaz from Earleir Ulemas had the same opinion, while in the later period; Shah Wali-Ullah also had the same views. Some think that it means seven dialects of Arab Tribes. Imam Abu Hatim Sajestani (R.A) determined the name of these languages. They are Quraish, Hazial, Teem, Al-Rubab, Azd, Rabbia, Hawazan, and Saad bin Abi-Bakar. Hafiz Abn-e- Jareer Tibri (R.A) agreed to this school of thought. The fourth famous saying is that of Imam Tehavi (R.A.) he says that although he Holy Quran has been revealed in the dialect of Quraish. But it was difficult for the people of other tribes, which came of different areas of Arab. That is why, in the beginning, they were permitted to recite the Holy Quran in their local languages, and the words or ways were determined by the holy prophet (P.B.U.H) himself. Later, it was prohibited. There remained only the one way of recitation in which the holy Quran was revealed. HAzrat Sufian bin Aiena (R.A), Abn-e-Wahab (R.A) and Hafiz Ibn-e- Abdul Bar (R.A) agreed to this opinion. Famous interpreter Allama Nizamul Din Nishapori (R.A) says that it means the following differences in the recitation. Differences between Singular and Plurals Differences between Muscular and Feminine Differences of the causes of Araabs          Differences of Morphology (Formation of Words) Differences of syntax (Sentence Structure)           Differences of the ways which changes words Differences of dialects Allama Abn-e- Qutaiba, (R.A), Imam Razi Qazi (R.A) and Abu Bakar(R.A) and Abn-e Aljuzri (R.A) also adopted this saying of Allama Nisahpuri.(R.A).

Construction of Biological Association Network for Connected Components Analysis Using Graph Theory

The concept of big data has been around for years. Big data analysis approaches can play an imperative part in health research. This can be a helpful asset for researchers because it can reveal veiled acquaintance from a massive sum of data. In order to get insights of metabolic pathways at molecular level there is a need to present a unit framework model that serves as the cutting edge technology of sys tem biology. In this thesis data mining techniques were used to extract data from online databases automatically by developing a tool (PubMed Info Extractor). On inputing queries, relevant information about the association and interactions among biological entities have been found in the retrieved collection. The ap proach has been applied on the case study of T2DM. Cell boundaries of the found gene components were also identified. Only those components were selected that show highly expressed genes in the pancreatic endocrine cells and skeletal muscle cell for determining the disrupted pathway after analyzing the normal functional pathway of T2DM. Further, bioinformatics tools were used for the topological analysis of obtained patterns. From a network generated by using the association rule mining technique showing associations, their nature of relationship, seven strongly connected components have been identified. These components represent P53, HNF1Alpha, HNF1Beta, INSR, INS, IL-6 and GnRH as the regulators or initiators of seven different biological regulatory pathways. This research is an evidence for the association of T2DM with the genes that are involved in different pathways of cancer cell metabolism, growth regulation, proliferation control etc along with insulin signaling pathway, mTOR pathway, MODY pathway, glycolysis, lipid homeostasis, Age-rage signaling pathway, MAPK pathway, p53 pathway. Self inhibition of ngn3 is also acknowledged in these components. In diabetic patients, pancreatic islets in case of fasting lessen PKA and mTOR activity and induce Sox2 and Ngn3 expression and insulin production. Self inhibition of Ngn3 can there fore affect the insulin production. This research gives a unit framework model of system biology which gives better understanding of intrinsic disease mechanism. This research regarding T2DM which will facilitate the researchers to compre hend the system of T2DM disease mechanism and how to cure it with respect to personalized drugs.