مراتب اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر اور معاصر منظر نامہ
مراتب علی اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر
تغیر و تبدل انسانی زندگی کا خاصہ ہے اور تخلیقِ آدم سے ہی شاید یہ سلسلہ شروع ہو گیا تھا۔اگر مختلف تہذیبوں کی تاریخ کا مطالعہ کیاجائے تو یہ ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ تہذیبوں کی تبدیلی کے ساتھ ساتھ زبان وادب بھی متاثر ہوتا رہا اور اس میں بتدریج تبدیلیاں ہوتی رہیں۔یہ ایک مسلمہ حقیقت ہے کہ ادب معاشرے کو متاثر کرتا ہے اور معاشرہ ادب پر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے۔ اُردو زبان بھی ابتدائی دور میں فارسی ادب سے زیادہ متاثر ہوئی۔ اُردو کی ابتدائی شاعری کے مطالعہ سے پتا چلتا ہے کہ ہمارے شعراء نے بھی وہی گل وبلبل کے قصے اور محبوب کی بے وفائی کو شاعری کا موضوع بنایا۔ اگرچہ مرزا مظہر علی خاں کو بعض ناقدین اُردو شاعری کی کثافت کو کم کرنے کا معمارِ اوّل سمجھتے ہیں اور میرتقی میرؔ نے بھی یہ دعویٰ کیا تھا۔
اِس بات پر تمام ناقدین متفق ہیں کہ اُردو شاعری میں جدت کی بنیاد مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ نے رکھی۔ اگرچہ اِس سے پہلے نظیر اکبرآبادیؔ بھی شاعری کو اُمرا کی محفلوں سے نکال کر غرباء کے مساکن اور گلی محلوں تک لے آئے تھے۔ مگر حالی وہ شخصیت ہیں جنہوںنے اس بنیاد پر بہت بڑی عمارت کھڑی کردی۔ مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ اس حوالے سے ’’مجموعہ نظم حالی‘‘ میں جدید اردو شاعری میں فطرت نگاری، مقصدیت اور سادگی کو شاعری کا لازمہ قرار دیتے ہیں۔(۱)
مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ سرسید کے رفقائے کار میں سے تھے اور سرسید احمد خان کے نظریات، فلسفہ اور اصلاحِ قوم کے...
There are many things which would not be bought or sold in earlier ages but these days they are considered great wealth and precious capital and their transaction is in vogue and they are titled as rights. For instance, literary copyright and copyright of music and trade mark etc. Now the need of the hour is to understand the Islamic solution of the trade of these different kinds of rights. This article reviews the copyright issue in the light of islam.
This research study aims to explore the science professionals' perceptions of the science curriculum in Pakistan at Karachi-based educational institutions. All over the world every country needs to provide quality education to its nation according to the global and contextual needs in order to survive and thrive in the future. Countries design educational policies and plans for educational reforms to meet the prevailing social and economical conditions involving all stakeholders to address the requirements of the young generation. Similarly, Pakistan has introduced science curriculum keeping in view the contemporary trends, challenges and needs of the nation but educational policies are designed at the upper level. Local educationists argue that in Pakistan, curriculum is designed at the upper level without involving the teachers and parents. Hence, this research study was undertaken to explore the views of the primary stakeholders the teachers and teacher educators engaged with curriculum implementation. A qualitative case study approach was used to understand and enhance my own understanding about the curriculum in general, and the science curriculum in particular through science professionals' perspectives. The findings of the study suggest that there is a gap between curriculum policy makers and science professionals in developing a relevant curriculum, which is developed at the upper level and does not involve science professionals. As a result, science professionals seem unaware of the national science curriculum and are not able to promote students' holistic development. Moreover, the findings of the research study depict that science professionals' demand of the addition of more contextual and important global content in the science curriculum instead of borrowing curriculum from other countries and communities. In addition, it was also found that there is a gap between the written curriculum document and the taught curriculum. The reason is that most of the content areas are mentioned in the curriculum but it is not described how this should be developed. It shows that there is a lack of involvement of science professionals in the curriculum planning, development and implementation of the science curriculum in the real context. This study recommends conducting a research study on a large scale including all stakeholders such as parents, teachers and students. It also suggests knowing the views of the curriculum policy makers on how they plan, develop and implement the science curriculum. ln addition, this study advocates carrying out a study on what kind of challenges emerge while developing curriculum in Pakistan