Drought is a solemn environmental factor that causes great loss of yield in maize crop. Maize is highly sensitive to drought. There is need to develop drought tolerance maize genotypes to fulfill demand of feed for livestock and food for human. For this propose prescribed study was conducted in the glasshouse (Experiment 1) and research area (Experiment 2) of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. Forty maize inbred lines were collected from different research organizations such as Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Maize and Millet Research Institute, Sahiwal and Fodder Research Institute, Sarghodha, Pakistan during crop season of 2009. The inbred lines were screened for drought tolerance under glasshouse conditions. Heritability, genetic advance and genotypic correlations were found higher for root length, shoot length, fresh root weight, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight and dry shoot weight under normal and drought conditions. On the basis of fresh root and shoot length two inbred lines P1 (WFTMS) and P2 (Q66) were selected as drought resistant and sensitive parents respectively. F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 were developed and evaluation of basic six generations was performed under normal and drought conditions. It was found that high correlation coefficients were found among plant height, cell membrane thermo-stability, leaf area, cob length, cob girth, rows per ear, grains per ear row, biomass per plant, 100-grian weight and grain yield per plant under normal condition and drought conditions. Narrow sense heritability of generations was found higher for leaf water potential, cell membrane thermo-stability, stomata size, excised leaf water loss, plant height, leaf area, cob length, cob girth, grain rows per cob, biomass per plant, grain yield per plant under normal condition while under drought condition for cell membrane thermo-stability, stomata conductance, leaf water potential, leaf area, cob length, cob girth, biomass per plant, 100-grain weight, grain yield per plant. Additive effects were found higher for biomass per plant, leaf area and leaf water potential under normal condition while under drought condition for cob girth. Higher additive effects indicated that selection of these traits may be helpful for further breeding program. Dominance effects were reported for cell membrane thermo-stability, leaf water potential, stomata frequency, plant height, leaf area and grain yield per plant under normal condition while plant height and grain yield per plant under drought condition. Selection on the basis of dominant effects indicated that increase may be achieved for these traits to improve grain yield in maize. Positive additive × additive interaction were found higher for cell membrane thermo-stability, stomata frequency, leaf water potential, excised leaf water loss, cob girth, plant height, leaf area and 100-grain weight under normal condition. While; stomata frequency, stomata conductance, cell membrane thermo-stability, excised leaf water loss, plant height, grain per ear row and grain yield per plant under drought condition. Positive i indicated that increase in these traits may be fixed for the improvement of yield in maize under normal and drought conditions. Additive × dominance interaction was found higher for grain per ear row under drought condition which indicated that selection may be delayed till further generations. Positive dominance × dominance interaction was found greater for biomass per plant and grain yield per plant under normal condition, and grain per ear row under drought condition but which were due to negative dominance genetic effects and may not be helpful for the improvement grain yield in maize. On the basis of heritability, genetic advance, correlation and genetic effects concluded that fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, root length, shoot length and emergence percentage at seedling stage, stomata frequency, stomata size, cell membrane thermo- stability, leaf temperature, excised leaf water loss, plant height, leaf area, biomass per plant, cob girth, 100-grain weight, grain yield per plant at maturity stage may be helpful for the development of higher grain yield maize genotypes under drought conditions.
دل محمد دلشاد (۱۸۰۰ء پ) گلی حکیماں محلہ سیداں (کوچہ بند) پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ اپنے فارسی اشعار میں ایک جگہ اس کی طرف اشارہ بھی کرتے ہیں :
یکے دو دست عجب تال آپس شش پہلو بشش جہات بہ پنجاب گو کہ ثانی آں است
دلیل شادی دلشاد نام ایں شہراست کہ پر سرور طرب بخش عالم دل و جاں است (۱۱)
آپ فارسی اور اردو کے بہترین شاعر ہونے کے علاوہ عالمِ دین بھی تھے۔ دلشاد کے کلام میں حد درجے کی پختگی اور سادگی عیاں ہے۔ وہ اپنی تشبیہات اور استعارے حالاتِ حاضرہ اور دیگر نشیب و فرازِ حیات سے اخذ کرتے ہیں۔ ان کے کلام میں بے حد جاذبیت اور شرینی موجزن ہے۔ اُن کا زیادہ کلام قصائد اور غزلیات پر مشتمل ہے۔
قاضی عطاء اﷲ اپنی کتاب ’’شعرائے پسرور‘‘ میں دلشاد کے بارے میں رقمطراز ہیں:
دل محمد دلشاد پسروری انیسویں صدی کے معروف فارسی اور اردو شاعر ہیں۔ آپ نے متداولہ علوم و فنون اغلباً سیالکوٹ جیسے علم و حکمت کے شہر سے حاصل کئے۔ منطق ‘ سلوک‘ اخلاق‘ فقہ اور شعری علم میں کمال حاصل کیا۔ (۱۲)
مذکورہ بالا علوم میں مہارت دلشاد کے ایک فارسی شعر سے واضح ہوتی ہے:
از علم شعر و منطق‘ فقہ و سلوک و اخلاص دارد تمام لیکن دلشاد زر نہ داد (۱۳)
آپ کا زیادہ تر اردو کلام مفقود ہے۔ مختلف اردو تذکروں میں آپ کا کلام ملتا ہے۔ آپ کا فارسی دیوان ادارہ تحقیقاتِ پاکستان دانشگاہ پنجاب لاہور نے ۱۹۷۰ء میں شائع کیا۔ (۱۴) عشقِ مجازی‘ محبوب کی بے اعتنائی‘ بے وفائی‘ عشوہ وغمزہ وادا دلشاد کی اردو غزلوں کے موضوعات ہیں۔ حافظ محمود شیرانی نے اپنی تالیف ’’پنجاب میں اردو‘‘ میں دلشاد کی چند غزلیں نقل کی ہیں۔ ان اشعار میں دلشاد اپنے محبوب سے شکوہ کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ کلاسیکی اردو شاعری کے روایتی محبوب کی طرح...
Education is a series of processes of human empowerment towards maturity, both intellectually, mentally and morally, to carry out the humanitarian function carried as a servant (abd) in front of his Khaliq and as a "preserver" (caliph) in the earth. The position of contemporary education in the midst of the spirit of national education reform, of course it is necessary to look at the meaning and role of contemporary education in this national life. Similarly, in order to find a new paradigm of contemporary education, it should begin with the existence of Islamic education in the history of national and state life. And in developing the quality of contemporary education, of course it is necessary to pay attention. First, education is increasingly demanded to appear as emerging in the development of the quality of human resources (output of education). Second, in the perspective of the world of work, an orientation to real abilities (what one can do) that can be displayed by very strong education graduates Third, as a result of globalization.
This study aimed to explore secondary school students' conceptual understanding of the selected concept of genetics including cell division, fertilization and reproduction and genetic relationship between cells within an individual. Another aim was to explore the difference in conceptual understanding of the children across government and private schools. A total of 370 children of grade nine were recruited through multistage cluster sampling approach from both government (n=182) and private (n=188) schools from district Ghanche and Skardu in Gilgit-Baltistan. Genetic Conception Assessment (GCA) tool adapted from a previous study was administered to explore children's conceptions about selected topics of genetics. The content validity of GCA was established through expert review. Internal consistency of the assessment tool was found to be satisfactory (0.78). Results demonstrated that children scored only 34% of the total score exhibiting a weak conceptual understanding in selected concepts of genetics. On average children performance for MCQs was comparatively better (50% of the total marks). However, children's achievement remained marginal (13% of the total marks) in CRQs which aimed to identify some of the prevailing misconceptions. Results followed almost the same pattern for the three concepts focused in GCA-cell division, fertilization and reproduction, and ceil focused in GCA. A comparison of GCA scores across school system showed that the children from private schools outperformed their government counterparts (p<0.001, r=0.58). Similarly, private school children maintained their better performance both in MCQs (p<0 001 r=0.46), CRQs (p<0.001, r=0.58) and across the sections of GCA. This study provides significant insight into an under-researched area. Keeping the results of the study in view, the role of quality instruction in developing conceptual understanding of students at secondary level could be emphasized. The adapted 16 item GCA questionnaire would make a valuable contribution in indigenous literature. Those who want to take the same line of inquiry can use this tool to conduct large scale studies.