Abdul Fatah Soomro TITLE: For Doctor of Philosophy in (Agriculture) Major Agronomy INTEGRATED EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON THE YIELD SUSTAINABILITY OF PLANT AND RATOON SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum L) Integrated nutrient management is an important tool in crop production. Inadequate or excessive fertilizer applications not only limit crop yield but deteriorate soil and environment. This study was conducted to determine the optimum inorganic and organic nutrient sources and rates for sugarcane production. In this regard, field experiments were conducted at Sugarcane Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam, Pakistan, located at 25 o 25’60’N 68 o 31’ 60E during 2008-09 and 2009-10. In all the experiments, Thatta-10 sugarcane variety was sown. The experiment-1, was meant to observe the effect of inorganic NPK fertilizers under different proportions on growth, yield and juice quality of sugarcane; comprised different inorganic NPK fertilizer doses viz. Control (0-0-0 NPK kg ha -1 ), 100% recommended (225-112-168 NPK kg ha -1 ), 75% less than recommended (56.25-28.0-42.0 NPK kg ha -1 ), 50% less than recommended (112.5-56.0-84.0 NPK kg ha -1 ), 25% less than recommended (168.75-84.0-126.0 NPK kg ha -1 ) and 25% more than recommended (281.25-140.0- 210.0 NPK kg ha -1 ). In this study agronomic, physiological, quality and nutrient uptake traits viz. tillers plant -1 , plant height, stem girth, internodes plant -1 , internode length, millable canes, cane yield, leaf area plant -1 , leaf area index, crop growth rate, dry matter, brix, pol, purity, commercial cane sugar, NPK accumulation and uptake in plant and ratoon sugarcane crops were higher with the application of 100% recommended fertilizer at 225-112-168 NPK kg ha -1 ,and 25% more than recommended fertilizer at 281.25-140-210 NPK kg ha -1 . The mean values of these both NPK levels were statistically non-significant. However, all inadequate applications beyond recommended applications significantly recorded less values of all traits of sugarcane plant and ratoon crop. The second experiment on integrated use of inorganic and organic nutrients in sugarcane for obtaining maximum cane and sugar yield, consisted organic and inorganic nutrient sources and levels viz. control (0-0-0 NPK kg ha -1 ), 100% recommended (225-112-168 NPK kg ha -1 ), FYM and PM 10 & 20 t ha -1 , BF 5 & 10 t ha -1 sole and each organic sources were used in combination with 25% & 50 % less than recommended inorganic fertilizers. The results showed that inadequate rates or individual application of inorganic or organic nutrient sources recorded less values of all sugarcane traits. The maximum tillers plant -1 , plant height, stem girth, internodes plant -1 , internode length, millable canes, cane yield, leaf area plant -1 , leaf area index, crop growth rate and dry matter in plant crop were found with the application of FYM and or press mud applied at 20 t ha -1 with 25% less NPK fertilizer than recommended dose of 168.75-84.0-126.0 NPK kg ha -1 . Both the treatments were statistically non-significant. However, quality and nutrient uptake traits viz. brix, pol, purity, commercial cane sugar, NPK accumulation and uptake in sugarcane plant crop were higher with the application of 25% less fertilizer than the recommended (168.75-84.0-126.0 NPK kg ha -1 ) + 20 tons press mud ha -1 . The study on effect of inorganic NPK and residual organic nutrient sources on subsequent sugarcane ratoon crop showed maximum tillers plant -1 , plant height, xstem girth, internodes plant -1 , internode length, millable canes, cane yield, leaf area plant -1 , leaf area index, crop growth rate, dry matter, brix, pol, purity, commercial cane sugar, NPK accumulation and uptake under residual impact of press mud and or FYM at 20 t ha -1 + supplemental application of 25% less inorganic NPK fertilizer (168.75-84.0-126.0 kg ha -1 ). It is concluded that inorganic fertilizers increased growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of sugarcane plant and ratoon crop. Integrated nutrient management recorded 25% saving in inorganic NPK fertilizers due to application of FYM and or press mud applied at 20 t ha -1 . The residual effect of FYM and press mud showed significant effect on subsequent ratoon crop. The residual FYM and or press mud at 20 t ha -1 + supplemental application of 25% less inorganic NPK fertilizer (168.75-84.0-126.0 kg ha -1 ) was found sufficient nutrient level. The applications of FYM, press mud and biofertilizers without inorganic NPK fertilizers were found less efficient. This study recommends that organic and inorganic nutrients should be applied to enhance growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake of both plant and ratoon sugarcane. Residual effects were seen on the subsequent ratoon crop due to FYM and press mud applications. Therefore, application of FYM and or press mud at 20 t ha -1 once in a two year with 25% less NPK fertilizer at 168.75-84.0-126.0 kg ha -1 is recommended for achieving higher cane yield.
حالیہ دور میں اردو ناول لکھنے والے چند ادیبوں نے اس بات کو ضروری سمجھا اور اس ضرورت کو محسوس کیا کہ پس ماندہ طبقہ کے مسائل کو منظر عام پر لایا جائے اور اردو ناول میں پس ماندگی کے مظاہر کو اجاگر کیا جائے۔ایک لمبے عرصے سے ناول کی ایک ہی تعریف چلی آرہی ہے کہ:It is a vheicle of social critism ۔اور میرے نزدیک یہ تعریف کئی لحاظ سے ادھوری ہے کیونکہ ہم معاشرے پر لکھتے ہوئے اسکے تمام عوامل کو نہیں لکھ سکتے۔ہم ہر بات پر قلم اٹھا سکتے ہیں لیکن پھر بھی کچھ حالات ایسے ہیں جن کی پہنچ ہمارے نزدیک مشکل ہے اندر کے حالات الگ بھی ہو سکتے ہیں۔ہماری سوچ کے مطابق حالات کو ہم جزوی شکل تو ضرور دے سکتے ہیں لیکن حتمی نہیں۔
ناول کی تعریف کو وسعت دینا ہوگی تاکہ زندگی گزرے اور آئندہ زمانے میں بھی اپنے ساتھ پیش آنے والے تمام واقعات کوپیش کرسکے ، ہر ناول کے فکری جائزے کی ایک اصل صورت سامنے آسکے۔یہ بات بھی درست ہے کہ جذبات و احساسات کی ایک حد ہوتی ہے جس سے وہ آگے نہیں نکل پاتے لیکن یہ بھی غلط نہیں کہ ناول نے ہی ایسے طوفانوں کا سامنا کیا ہے۔جو معاشرے کی چھپی ہوئی غلطیوں ،کمیوں سے پردہ اٹھانے میں کامیاب رہا ہے۔
ناول کی یہ تعریف ادھوری اس لیے بھی ہے کہ ہمارا ناول نگار اس بات پر ایمان لے آیا ہے۔ افسانے کی کہانی کو دس گناہ زیادہ طول دے دیا جائے تو وہ ناول بن جاتا ہے۔گزشتہ ستر سال سے یہ تعریف اس قدر راسخ ہو چکی ہے کہ اب یہ تعریف گھر کر گئی ہے کہ جابجا مکالموں...
Liver plays an important role in lipid metabolism and any acute or chronic malfunction of the liver due to viral hepatitis or liver cirrhosis may induce lipid derangements Objective: To determine the patterns of deranged lipid profiles in patients of chronic hepatitis C Methods: It is a prospective, observational study, conducted at Medicine Department, Mayo Hospital Lahore for 6 months i.e.1stJanuary to 30th June 2018. After the ethical approval, 160 diagnosed cases of chronic hepatitis C of ages 18-70 years of either gender were selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Informed written consent was taken. Demographic information such as name, age and gender were recorded. Venous blood samples from patients after 10 to 14 hours of fasting were drawn for lipid profiles and sent to pathology laboratory. All results were expressed as mg/dl. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 Results: Out of 160 patients in this study, there were 94 males and 66 females. Total cholesterol was lower in 62.5% patients, normal in 33.75% patients and higher in 3.75% patients. Triglycerides levels were low in 66.25%, normal in 33.125%, and high in 0.625% patients. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were low in 82.5% patients, normal in 10% and raised in 7.5% patients. High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were low in 95%, normal in 4.375% & high in 0.625% patients Conclusions: Low levels of serum lipids including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL are seen in population suffering from chronic HCV infection.
Gold catalysts have been found efficient for many oxidation reactions. The catalytic activity of these catalysts strongly depend on the particle size of the Au nanoparticles. However, other factors also have a strong influence on the performance of the catalysts such as the method of preparation, choice of the support, addition of other metal, total metal loading over the support, calcination time and reaction conditions. These factors have been studied to optimize the activity and selectivity of the catalysts. The oxidation of benzyl alcohol over supported gold, palladium and gold palladium bimetallic catalysts were investigated in a high-pressure stirred autoclave and a glass reactor. For the catalyst screening gold palladium catalysts supported on various oxides e.g. Titania, Zirconia, Ceria, MgO and Carbon were prepared and compared to find the most optimized catalyst for solvent free benzyl alcohol oxidation in terms of selectivity and activity resulting in benzaldehyde formation as a major product. The disproportionation of benzyl alcohol has been found as a source of toluene formation in the solvent free oxidation of benzyl alcohol using supported gold palladium catalysts. When gold-palladium catalyst supported over MgO was used for this reaction, the toluene selectivity reduced substantially at the cost of conversion. Different preparation methods were used to prepare titania supported bimetallic catalysts. It was found that supported bimetallic catalysts prepared by physical grind method are more active than that prepared by impregnation method. The physical grind method is more facile and greener way to prepare chlorine free catalyst. To optimize the catalyst activity and selectivity various supported bimetallic catalysts were prepared with different total Au–Pd metal loadings and with different Au–Pd metal ratios. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol was also performed in glass reactor to compare the oxidation results with the Hi-Tech autoclave. Different characterization techniques such as TGA, STEM with EDX, XRD and XPS were used to characterize the morphology and particle size of the catalysts. A paper titled “Physical mixing of metal acetates: Optimisation of catalyst parameters to produce highly active bimetallic catalysts” out of this work has been published in the Journal of Catalysis Science & Technology, Royal Society of Chemistry (2013, 3, 2910-2917).