Red chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is a major crop of Pakistan. Sindh contributes 85% of its production and a small town “Kunri” is one of the largest centres for red chilli production in Asia. Red chilli is a major food ingredient and is utilized for the production of essence, pungency and red color. It is an excellent source of vitamin C and has several medicinal uses. The overall production of red chilli has decreased during the years 2006-2007. One of the main reasons for this decline is mycotoxin contamination. Contamination by mycotoxins in the red chilli crop drastically reduces its quality, due to which Pakistani red chilli is unable to enter in the world market and has been banned by European Union Food Authorities, which led to the decrease in export and production. Mycotoxins are a chemically diverse group of fungal metabolites that have a wide variety of toxic effects. The most serious and toxic example are the Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 is considered a major cause of liver cancer. The present study was planned to develop an integrated approach for the management of mycotoxin contamination in red chilli. For this purpose, available germplasm was evaluated to determine the resistance level of red chilli varieties against mycoflora and production of mycotoxins. The mycoflora were isolated by employing standard techniques; associated mycotoxins were analyzed by chromatographic techniques; different antagonistic bioagents and plant diffusates were tested in-vitro for their effectiveness in managing the mycotoxins and mycotoxin producing fungi. The highly susceptible variety „Nagina‟ was subjected to crop management trials in the greenhouse. Firstly, different irrigation levels were evaluated; which have been reported to induce significant reductions in 1 2 toxins. Secondly, different species of yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisae, S. bayanus, S. postoranus and their doses were applied at flowering stage of crop. Finally, the best treatment from these individual trials was incorporated in an integrated mycotoxin management experiment. The significance of each treatment in trials was evaluated by detection and quantification of mycotoxins, estimation of yield components (fresh weight, dry weight, number of pods), nutritional profile and seed viability of produce. At this stage, the formulation of plant diffusates and bio agents with highest proficiency in the in-vitro management trial were applied to chilli pods and pre and post-application status of mycotoxins were recorded. This study provides a record of the mycoflora and mycotoxins associated with various varieties of red chilli. Most importantly, it provides the resistant/tolerant locally available red chilli cultivars (Kunri & Drooping type) which were less contaminated. In addition, the use of Saccharomyces species during pre-harvest and Lactobacillus rhamnosus at the post-harvest stage were some major findings of this study. Finally, the integration of best pre and post-harvest treatments was the most useful strategy for the management of mycotoxins in red chilli. This work provides better and more cost effective technology for farmers to produce high quality toxin free chillis which will not only increase the demand for Pakistani products in international markets but will also become the source of enhanced foreign exchange and farmer income.
یہ اردو شاعری کا دوسرا مجموعہ کلام ہے۔ یہ جنوری 1935ء میں منظر عام پر آیا اس میں بانگ درا کے بعد کا اردو کلام شامل ہے۔ پہلی اشاعت میں اس کے دس ہزار نسخے شائع ہوئے تھے۔ اس میں شامل نظموں کی مقبولیت کسی سے پوشیدہ نہیں۔ نظم ”ذوق و شوق “اور” مسجد قرطبہ“ پر بہت سے مقالے اور تحقیقی تصانیف اس کتاب کی انفرادیت کا منہ بولتا ثبوت ہیں۔ اقبال نے دونوں گول میز کانفرنسوں، دوسری اور تیسری سے واپسی کے بعد سفر کے دوران جو اثرات قبول کیے ان کا اظہار مختلف نظموں میں ملتا ہے۔ وہ تمام نظمیں اس مجموعہ کلام کا حصہ ہیں۔ بال جبریل میں غزلیات بھی شامل ہیں۔ پہلے حصہ میں سولہ اور دوسرے حصہ میں اکسٹھ غزلیں شامل ہیں زیادہ حصہ نظموں کا ہے اور کچھ رباعیات بھی شامل ہیں۔ اس مجموعہ کلام کی مقبولیت بہت زیادہ ہے اور پروفیسر عبدالحق کے بہ قول اس کی آٹھ شرہیں بھی لکھی جا چکی ہیں۔ پہلے اس مجموعے کا نام ” نشان منزل“ طے کیا گیا تھا پھر بال جبریل کر دیا گیا۔ رفیع الدین ہاشمی کہتے ہیں۔ ”نئے اردو مجموعے کا نام نشان منزل تجویز ہوا اور مسودے کے سرورق پر بھی یہی نام لکھا گیا مگر بعد میں اقبال نے محسوس کیا کہ بال جبریل زیادہ موزوں ہےچنانچہ انہوں نے مسودے پر نشانِ منزل کو قلم زد کر کے بال جبریل کر دیا“ (29) اس تصنیف کی طویل نظموں میں خاص طور پر ایک انقلابی اسالیبی تبدیلی نظر سے گزرتی ہے۔ نظم کا ہر بند ایک علیحدہ مضمون لیے ہوئے ہے اور ہر مضمون غزل صفت ہے۔
Authority is the centerpiece of the law as well as legal system. It cannot be properly understood without adequate understanding of the structure of authority that underlies it. The role of moral and religious values in the law has been a vital issue in classical as well as contemporary legal philosophy. Discussion about the theoretical foundation of the law remains a key issue in the modern legal thinking as a legal system is considered to have emerged from cultural contexts. Western legal systems are broadly grounded in to the Judo-Christian and Greco-Roman cultures. Though a fundamental change took place in the Western Europe as cultural traditions which affected the very nature of law both as a political institution and as an intellectual concept. The creation of modern legal systems was, in the first instance, a response to revolutionary change within the church and its relation with the secular authority. It led to bifurcation of social morality and religion in the modern law. Now most of the modern theories are based on this concept. The present paper presents a study of the origins of the Islamic law as well as the contemporary western legal thought in connection with religion and ethics. The conflict about moral and religious values reflects their code of life and concept of religions. In Islamic law authority-which is at once religious and moral is the will of the creator which is basic source of Islamic law, However, Fuqahᾱ differentiate between legal and moral values
Antibiotics are frequently and universally common drugs used by humans in advocated and un-prescribed forms. Misuse of commercially available antibiotics has caused emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in addition to drug toxicity and other health complications. The global crisis of multi-drug resistance necessitates the development of novel antibiotics. Small peptides play a fundamental role in recruiting and promoting agents of innate as well as adaptive immune system. These are relied as good candidates for a new generation of antimicrobial drugs to treat multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The cationic peptides are also known as natural antibiotics and are produced constitutively as well as under the influence of biotic and abiotic stresses. The present project was designed to profile positively charged antimicrobial cationic peptides. Selected glycophytes (Solanum lycopersicum, Silibum marianum and Mentha piperita) and halophyte (Thallungiela halophila) were subjected to salt stress of NaCl at different molar concentrations. The glycophytes were treated with 100 mM salt for 14 days (SLS100-14) and 200 mM of salt for 5 (SLS200-5) and 10 days (SLS200-10) and halophyte was treated with 300 mM NaCl for 3 days (THS300-3). Small proteins and peptides of S. lycopersicum and T. halophila of less than 10 kDa were fractionated by strong cation exchange chromatography. All the obtained fractions were tested for bioactive potential against E. coli and active fractions of tomato plants (control and 100 mM salt stressed). The results showed that tomato plants exhibited salt tolerance at 100 mM of NaCl. The peptides of control and salt treated (SLS100, SLS200-5 and SLS200-10) tomato plants were fractionated on strong cation exchange column and fractions of control and treated with 100 mM NaCl showed significant antibacterial activities against E. coli. The fractions of control and salt-treated (100 mM NaCl) plant samples were run on LC-MS and obtained spectrum peak list were analyzed manually for independent data acquisition (IDA) with a software (Analyst, AB Sciex). The software converted total ionic currents (TIC) of peptide fragments and generated charge to mass ratios for each peak that gave profiles of all the peptides. The LC-MS data files were imported into Progenesis for retention time alignment, peak picking and relative quantitation of unique features. The output from Progenesis were subjected to a python script which removed likely the same features. These features were run through a second python script for filtering to identify x features that were most likely contributed to the bioactivity with their highest abundance in the bioactive region and not elsewhere. Then statistical modeling was employed to further narrow down the list of candidates. Sequence of bioactive peptides were identified by using SwePep database and the obtained peptide sequences were subjected to BLAST search by using bioactive peptide database, “AMPer” for the identification of protein sequence similarities of subject with already reported bioactive plant peptides/ proteins. The statistical modeling listed 12 and 16 bioactive peptides from SLC and SLS100 tomato samples, respectively. The bioinformatics investigation of these bioactive peptides identified antimicrobial cationic peptides of different classes which suggested that these peptides were expressed in tomato plants. Furthermore, bioactive study of crude protein extracts of the tomato seeds and leaves suggested that tomato seeds are rich source of proteins and have significant anti-thrombotic and antioxidant potential. The crude protein extracts of tomato seeds and leaves were found not only DNA friendly and non-mutagenic but also exhibited considerable antibacterial and antifungal activities. Keeping in view the findings of current research project, the Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) plant can be used as potent candidate for cationic peptides with bioactive potential to be used in therapeutics.