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Integrated Management of Mycotoxins in Red Chilli

Thesis Info

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Author

Shaista Akhund

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Botany

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7375/1/Thesis%2010-arid-1985.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726477572

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Red chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is a major crop of Pakistan. Sindh contributes 85% of its production and a small town “Kunri” is one of the largest centres for red chilli production in Asia. Red chilli is a major food ingredient and is utilized for the production of essence, pungency and red color. It is an excellent source of vitamin C and has several medicinal uses. The overall production of red chilli has decreased during the years 2006-2007. One of the main reasons for this decline is mycotoxin contamination. Contamination by mycotoxins in the red chilli crop drastically reduces its quality, due to which Pakistani red chilli is unable to enter in the world market and has been banned by European Union Food Authorities, which led to the decrease in export and production. Mycotoxins are a chemically diverse group of fungal metabolites that have a wide variety of toxic effects. The most serious and toxic example are the Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 is considered a major cause of liver cancer. The present study was planned to develop an integrated approach for the management of mycotoxin contamination in red chilli. For this purpose, available germplasm was evaluated to determine the resistance level of red chilli varieties against mycoflora and production of mycotoxins. The mycoflora were isolated by employing standard techniques; associated mycotoxins were analyzed by chromatographic techniques; different antagonistic bioagents and plant diffusates were tested in-vitro for their effectiveness in managing the mycotoxins and mycotoxin producing fungi. The highly susceptible variety „Nagina‟ was subjected to crop management trials in the greenhouse. Firstly, different irrigation levels were evaluated; which have been reported to induce significant reductions in 1 2 toxins. Secondly, different species of yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisae, S. bayanus, S. postoranus and their doses were applied at flowering stage of crop. Finally, the best treatment from these individual trials was incorporated in an integrated mycotoxin management experiment. The significance of each treatment in trials was evaluated by detection and quantification of mycotoxins, estimation of yield components (fresh weight, dry weight, number of pods), nutritional profile and seed viability of produce. At this stage, the formulation of plant diffusates and bio agents with highest proficiency in the in-vitro management trial were applied to chilli pods and pre and post-application status of mycotoxins were recorded. This study provides a record of the mycoflora and mycotoxins associated with various varieties of red chilli. Most importantly, it provides the resistant/tolerant locally available red chilli cultivars (Kunri & Drooping type) which were less contaminated. In addition, the use of Saccharomyces species during pre-harvest and Lactobacillus rhamnosus at the post-harvest stage were some major findings of this study. Finally, the integration of best pre and post-harvest treatments was the most useful strategy for the management of mycotoxins in red chilli. This work provides better and more cost effective technology for farmers to produce high quality toxin free chillis which will not only increase the demand for Pakistani products in international markets but will also become the source of enhanced foreign exchange and farmer income.
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احمد ندیمؔ قاسمی

احمد ندیمؔ قاسمی کی رحلت
مشہور ترقی پسند ادیب و شاعر جناب احمد ندیم قاسمی طویل عرصے سے اردو کے افقِ شعر و ادب پر ضوفشاں تھے، افسوس ہے کہ ۱۰؍ جولائی کو وہ وفات پاگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
انہیں پھیپھڑے کی تکلیف اور تنفس کا عارضہ پہلے سے تھا، اس بار دل کی بیماری میں مبتلا ہوئے اور لاہور کے پنجاب انسٹی ٹیوٹ آف کارڈیالوجی میں بڑی نگہ داشت والی یونٹ میں داخل کیے گئے تھے لیکن بیماری دل نے کام تمام کردیا اور اردو زبان نے اپنا ایک قد آور ادیب و شاعر، بڑا افسانہ نگار اور ممتاز صحافی اور کالم نگار کھودیا۔
ان کا اصل نام احمد شاہ تھا لیکن دنیائے شعر و ادب میں احمد ندیم قاسمی کے نام سے معروف ہوئے، وہ مغربی پنجاب کی وادی سون سیکسر کے گاؤں انگہ ضلع خوشاب میں ۲۰؍ نومبر ۱۹۱۶؁ء کو پیدا ہوئے تھے لیکن ان کے فکر و عمل کی جولان گاہ لاہور تھا اور یہی آخر میں ان کا مدفن بھی بنا۔
احمد ندیم قاسمی پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے گریجویشن کرنے کے بعد جلد ہی صحافت کے میدان میں وارد ہوئے، اس میں ان کا جوہر خوب کھلا، ان کا تعلق درجنوں اخبار اور رسائل سے رہا، ۱۹۴۳؁ء سے ۱۹۴۵؁ء تک ’’ادب لطیف‘‘ سے منسلک تھے، ۱۹۴۷؁ء میں ’’سویرا‘‘ کی ادارت سنبھالی، نقوش میں بھی اپنا نقش چھوڑا، امتیاز علی تاج کے رسالے ’’پھول‘‘ اور ’’تہذیب نسواں‘‘ سے وابستہ ہو کر ادب اطفال اور نسائی ادب میں اپنا سکہ جمایا، ’’امروز‘‘ ترقی پسند تحریک کا آرگن تھا، اس میں ’’پنچ دریا‘‘ کے نام سے فکاہی کالم لکھ کر اپنی خوش طبعی اور بذلہ سنجی کا ثبوت دیا اور کالم نگاری میں امتیازی درجہ حاصل کیا، وہ اس میں پنجاب کے مشہور صحافی عبدالمجید سالک کو اپنا استاد مانتے تھے، بعد میں وہ اس...

EFFECTS OF MULLIGAN ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT VERSUS MEDIAL GAPPING TECHNIQUE ON PAIN, RANGE OF MOTION AND DISABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS

Background and Aim: To compare the effects of mulligan rotational movement and medial gapping technique on pain, range of motion and disability in knee osteoarthritis patients. Methodology: This study was a Randomized Clinical Trial. The data was collected using a convenience sampling technique. Data was collected from Jinnah Hospital Lahore, from 15th December – 30th June 2022.36 subjects (males and females) were recruited in two groups. The first group received Mobilization with movement along with a conservative treatment protocol. The second group received the Medial gapping technique along with conservative treatment protocol. Each group was treated for four weeks in which three sessions per week were given. Numeric pain rating scale and the disability index were used as outcome measures. Data was analyzed through statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: Within-group comparison by paired t-test showed the p-value was significant <.05, indicating that both treatment was effective in improving symptoms. Between groups, comparison by independent t-test showed that Mulligan Mobilization Technique is more effective than the medial gapping technique in improving pain disability and quality of life. Conclusion: The study concluded that Mulligan Mobilization Technique provides more clinical benefits regarding pain, disability and range of motion in osteoarthritis patients than Medial Gapping Technique.

پاکستانی اردوغزل کی تنقید کا ارتقاء

“Ghazal”is evergreen genere of Urdu literature. With the passage of time, it has gone through changes in its subjects, and structure. Because of these changes, not only variety of Urdu Ghazal was amplified, but also there was an addition in the critical treasure of Ghazal. After the Partition, Urdu Ghazal in Pakistan has also got gradually distinctiveness in its thematic approach, topical variation and artistic characteristics. Today where “Pakistani Ghazal” has got a solitary identity, the critics on it has become most comprehensive, accurate, modern and most helpful in its consideration and explanation. The criticism of Urdu Ghazal not only focused the changes coming in the language and expression, methods and rhythm of Urdu Ghazal but also harmonized itself with the changes. This research is an effort to know and evaluate the trends in critiquing “Urdu Ghazal of Pakistan” and the nature and quality of its development. This study will be helpful not only in knowing the characteristics, trends and inclination of Urdu Ghazal of Pakistan but also will support in consideration of periodical changes in trends and views of critical analysis of Pakistani Urdu Ghazal and identifying the nature, pace and direction of its future journey. The following kinds of materials have been considered fundamental, to cover up the authentic sources and materials: 1. The critical books containing discussions, as a whole, on Pakistani Urdu Ghazal. 2. Constant Critical Books on Urdu Ghazal/Ghazal poets. 3. General reviews which contain references of Pakistani Urdu Ghazal. 4. Articles containing analytical discussions of Pakistani Urdu Ghazal. 5. Articles consisting of comprehensive evaluation on Pakistani Urdu Ghazal. 6. Critical Books containing any article written on Pakistani Ghazal or any Pakistani Ghazal poet. 7. Compiled Books, Prefaces and Flaps on the collection of Ghazal of renowned poets. 8. Important analytical articles on Pakistani Ghazal or Ghazal poet. 9. The special volumes of journals and magazines on Ghazal poet or Ghazal. 10. Published or unpublished degree thesis. In making a comprehensive study, chapters have been presented as under: Chapter one is consisted of the discussion on the critical culture of Urdu Ghazal and basic points in which the initial stages of critic on Ghazal and prominent features are included. The second chapter presents an analysis of the different trends of critics on Pakistani Urdu Ghazal from 1947 to 1960. The third chapter presents a review of the trends of critic on Ghazal in the critical books and famous journals and publications which are written in respect of movements of lingual development in 1960’sand 1970’s. The fourth chapter is consisted on the analysis of critics on Ghazal and different trends in 1980’s and 1990’s. The fifth chapter presents an analysis of the critics of Ghazal from 2000 till now in respect of an established Pakistani consciousness. The sixth chapter presents a collective analysis of critics of Ghazal in the light of the initial and evolutionary trends and modern critical views and discussions of Pakistani Urdu Ghazal, and there are some recommendations and suggestions as well.