In the existing cropping systems exhaustive crops, like hybrid maize, require more nutrient inputs due to excessive removal of nutrients. Integrated use of organic and inorganic manures may not only satiate the need of such crops but this may also be an economical and environment friendly nutrient source. A field study was conducted during 2008 and 2009 following RCBD with three replications at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Effects of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) application from separate and integrated organic and inorganic sources on the maize (Zea mays L.) were evaluated. In the first study poultry manure and press mud as organic amendments; and single superphosphate (SSP) as chemical amendment of P were evaluated in different combinations. In the second study composted wheat and rice straws were integrated with the sulphate of potash (SOP) to be used as the K source. Agronomic, physiological and quality parameters were recorded to establish variations in yield associated with integrated use of organo-chemical P and K fertilizers. In both years the mean grain yield was increased up to 7.48 t ha -1 and 7.2 t ha -1 with the integration of organic and inorganic (25% poultry manure + 75% SSP and 25% composted rice straw + 75% SOP) amendments for integrated P and K management, respectively. The relationship between grain yield and yield components, in both the studies, was highly significant (P<0.05) and positive. In the first study the 5 th treatment (25% poultry manure + 75% SSP) out yielded rest of the treatments due to greater total dry matter production that was resulted from more leaf area duration and higher crop growth rate. Regarding application of K from the integrated sources, treatment containing 25% composted rice straw + 75% SOP gave maximum total dry matter (1928.2 g m -2 ), higher cumulative leaf area duration (218.5 days) and mean crop growth rate (29.01 g m -2 day -1 ). In both studies, there was linear and positive correlation between grain yield and cumulative leaf area duration. Application of 75% SSP with 25% poultry manure and 75% SOP with 25% composted rice straw in both studies showed maximum uptake of P and K, respectively. In both years, the treatment combination of first study, 25% poultry manure + 75% SSP, earned highest net income viz, Rs.84410/- ha -1 and Rs.100695/- ha -1 . Regarding the second study, the integrated use of 25% composted rice straw + 75% SOP earned maximum net income of Rs.77907/- ha -1 and Rs. 84920/- ha -1 , respectively. Results suggested that integration of organic amendments of P and K with inorganic source was significantly better over the separate application of inorganic source.
پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کے سنیئر رہنما اور قید وبند کی صعوبتیں برداشت کر نے والا ،شاہی قلعہ کا قید ی ،ہر تحریک میں بڑھ چڑھ کر حصہ لینے والا عارف خا ن کی 64ویں سالگرہ کی تقریب سبزہ زار میں ہوئی ۔
The study aims to assess liquidity risk of Islamic banking sector with Islamic banks performance working under Sharia jurisdictions. To deduct this six Islamic banks are selected of Pakistan by deploying regression analysis on panel data. Simple random sampling is used to select these banks to assess liquidity risk management tools of study. For performance profitability index is used generated by ROA, ROE and EPS. Thus the results inferred that liquidity risk proponents have significant role on bank performance and there is dire need to focus risk management compliance practices and regulations by these banks to reduce banks financial disparity. The value of study is in itself that has less focused in previous studies revealing its originality.
Diet is a key factor in fulfilling energy requirements, maintaining metabolic homeostasis and promoting health. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defective insulin production or secretion from pancreatic β-cells, insulin function or both. The type, amount as well as balance of main macronutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) present in diet are of particular significance in managing the diabetes. However, relatively little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism that how protein rich diet is responsible for functional changes in pancreatic β-cells. Current study was intended to evaluate the effect of high protein diet on body weight, glycaemic control, regeneration of β-cell, production and release of insulin in diabetic rats. High protein diet (45% and 55% fish protein) was administered in alloxan induced diabetic rat model for a period of 28 days. Blood samples were collected for monitoring blood glucose level, lipid profile and other biochemical parameters. Pancreatic tissue samples were collected for histopathological study. The data was subjected to statistical analysis by applying one way ANOVA and DMR. Results revealed that protein rich diet counteracted the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and normalized the elevated levels of blood glucose (198.1±11.5), cholesterol (64.73±2.24) and triglycerides (65.97±4.62) compared to positive control group having serum glucose (606.8±12.3), cholesterol (95.36±4.6) and triglycerides (109.5±3.51) respectively. Histopathological analysis revealed that high protein diet helps in normal regeneration or replenishing of β-cells. The role of calcium and cellular stress pathways are important in underlying mechanism behind the ROS production and its control as low expression levels of Calm-2, Grk-2, Pias-2, Traf-4, Traf-6 and MAPK-8 genes were observed in high protein diet treated groups in comparison to positive control. High protein diet also improved β-cell function and performance by up regulating the expression of INS-1, INS-2 & Pdx-1 genes. In conclusion, results indicated the regenerative and protective potential of high protein diet in alloxan-induced diabetic rat model.